History: BPFK Section: Irrealis Attitudinals

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Proposed definitions


.a'i (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express effort / endeavor / exertion / labor / pains / strife / toil. (cf. troci, gunka, slunandu, selprogunka, fu'i nai)

.a'i mi ze'a ba ralte

I'm trying to hold it!

.a'i mi ba gasnu lo nu do cikna binxo

It'll be hard for me to wake you up.

.a'i cu'i (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express effortlessness / ease / facility / no special effort (cf. selfrili, fu'i)

.a'i cu'i ti frili

Ah, this is easy.


.a'i nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express repose / inaction / inactivity / passivity / lackadaisicalness / indolence(cf. toltoi, cando, guksurla)

.a'i nai cikre ta

Nah, why bother fixing it.



.ai (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express intent / intentionality / purpose / design (cf. zukte, platu)

.ai mi ze'e ba jmive

I intend to live forever.

.ai le mi cukta do sidju gi'e pacnygau

I intend for my book to give you help and hope.


.ai cu'i (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express indecision / hesitation / vacillation / wavering.

.ai cu'i mi ti ba te vecnu

I don't know whether I'll purchase these or not.


.ai nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express non-intent / unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness. (cf. selsnuti)

.ai nai mi gunka ca le pavdei

I'm not planning to work on Monday.

.ai nai mi jmina lo valsi poi mi finti

I don't mean to add words of my own devising.

.ai nai do pu se xrani

I didn't mean for you to get hurt.


.au (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express desire / wish / yearning / aspiration. (cf. djica)

.au lo tricu cu krati lo ro se genja gi'e sfasa lo kusru be gy

Would that the trees might speak on behalf of all things that have roots, and punish those that wrong them!


.au cu'i (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express indifference / apathy / disinterest. (cf. nordji)

.au cu'i makau jinga

I don't really care who wins.


.au nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express reluctance / averseness / disinclination. (cf. toldji)

.au nai mi cliva

I'm reluctant to leave.


.a'o (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express hope / longing. (cf. pacna)

.a'o le nobli cu gidva lo se zukte be mi

Oh, that the Lord would guide my ways.


.a'o nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express despair / hopelessness / dread / fear that a situation ensues. (cf. tolpacna)

.a'o nai ro da ca se cirko

Everything will be lost now.


.ei (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express obligation / how things ought to be. (cf. bilga)

.ei mi cliva co'o

Gotta go now, bye!

.ei le jatna cu ckeji

The president ought to be ashamed.

.ei do djuno

You ought to know.


.ei nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express freedom / lack of obligation / how things need not be. (cf. zifre)

.ei nai do tolnurcni

You don't have to feel threatened.


.e'a (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to permit / allow / grant permission / authorization / consent / license. (cf. curmi)

.e'a do tsebi'o

You may sit down.


.e'a nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to prohibit / forbid / deny permission / authorization / consent / license. (cf. tolcru)

.e'a nai do ti stali

You can't stay here.


.e'e (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to exhort / incite / motivate / encourage / entreat / stimulate / challenge / dare / provoke / invite competition. (cf. talsa)

.e'e ko jarco lo se kakne be do

Show them what you can do! Go for it!

.e'e mi do bajra jivna fe'e co'u le karce

I'll race you to the car!


.e'e nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to discourage / intimidate / demoralize / deprecate / dampen / bridle / avoid / dodge / elude / duck / evade / back off / withdraw. (cf. zunti, dicra)

.e'e nai doi nelis

Whoa, Nelly!

.e'e nai mi bilga lo nu zukte lo drata

Sorry, I have other things to do.


.e'i (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to command / dictate / instruct / order / oblige / constrain / impose an obligation. (cf. minde, ri'urgau)

.e'i ko ta mi dunda

Give that to me!


.e'i nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to discharge / absolve / dismiss / exonerate / liberate / release / unbind / free of an obligation. (cf. zi'ergau)

.e'i nai ko zukte lo se djica be do

Do whatever you please!


.e'o (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to make a request. (cf. cpedu, pe'u)

.e'o do dunda le silna mi

Can you pass me the salt, please?


.e'o nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to grant / cede / proffer / make an offer. (cf. friti)

.e'o nai ko lebna lo titla

Here, have some candy.


.e'u (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to suggest / persuade / advise. (cf. stidi)

.e'u mi'o salci

Let's party!


.e'u nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to dissuade / warn / disadvise. (cf. kajde, o'i)

.e'u nai do kargau le moklu

You better not open your mouth.


ia (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express belief / conviction / faith / certainty (cf. krici, birti, jinvi)

ia lo cevni cu zasti

Indeed God exists.


ia cu'i (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express skepticism / doubt / agnosticism / uncertainty. (cf. senpi)

ia cu'i lo cevni cu zasti

Hmm ... God may or may not exist.


ia nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express disbelief / incredulity / rejection (cf. tolkri)

ia nai lo cevni cu zasti

I don't believe God exists.


ie (UI1)
Attitudinal. Used to express agreement / concordance / accord / concurrence. (cf. tugni)

ie ta melbi

Yes, that's beautiful.


ie nai (UI*1)
Attitudinal. Used to express disagreement / dissent / contention / difference / argument. (cf. toltu'i)

ie nai go'i

I disagree with that.


Notes

  • The definitions of e'e and e'i are based on a very loose interpretation of some of the keywords, so that they fit the e-series, which in all other cases expresses the speaker's attitude towards the audience's bringing about some situation.

  • ai nai changed from rejection / refusal (which is i'a nai) to unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.

  • e'o nai "make an offer", instead of "negative request"?
    • I have no idea what a "negative request" is. I do, however, see how "offer" is a negative of "request". - .aionys.

  • e'u cu'i "abandon suggestion"?

  • selpa'i uses {.ei} as "should" and {.e'i} as "must" (as in {.e'i mi'o denpa .i lo sorpeka pu'o zvati}), I (camgusmis) think that's pretty good. The {.e'e} here is obviously out of the question, and I think keeping something like "must" is worth it, too, and closer to what we have.
    • That was long ago, I now prefer {.e'i} as proposed on this page, and I'm a big fan of the proposed {.e'e}.--selpa'i

Section Issues

  • Recent discussions have brought up the question of whether a realis/irrealis dichotomy makes sense at all, or whether all bridi are implicitly semi-realis, with some attitudinals leading to stronger implications one way or the other. Public opinion seems to be in favor of removing the split. If so, the definitions may need to be tweaked to make this more clear. If not, then someone needs to speak up in defense of the split.



The realis/irrealis distinction has been rather hotly debated over the years. It is my ( Lindar ) opinion that the reality/irreality of the UI is dependent upon the reality/irreality of the jufra, and can be indicated with da'i/da'inai or some other kind of marker. This way ni'o .a'o mi klama can mean I hope I go. in one instance and I'm going, about which I feel hopeful. for another, rather than being restricted to one meaning.

Poll

BPFK Poll: Irrealis Attitudinals
BPFK Poll: Irrealis Attitudinals
  • I agree with the current contents of Irrealis Attitudinals.
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(Votes: 15)

History

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Information Version
Sat 23 of Aug, 2014 16:31 GMT Ilmen from 95.210.209.219 Adding keywords and word links. 26
Mon 09 of Jun, 2014 22:43 GMT mukti from 216.194.27.154 Reformatted 25
Mon 09 of Jun, 2014 22:18 GMT selpa'i from 84.175.65.83 24
Sun 08 of Jun, 2014 19:24 GMT mukti from 216.194.27.154 23
Thu 08 of Nov, 2012 19:59 GMT admin from 173.13.139.233 22
Thu 02 of Dec, 2010 03:01 GMT lindarthebard from 32.172.221.37 21
Fri 08 of Oct, 2010 23:48 GMT eyeonus from 132.178.238.2 20
Tue 21 of Sep, 2010 20:06 GMT Eimi from 128.252.20.177 Added verbiage around realis/irrealis merger 19
Sat 13 of Aug, 2005 18:19 GMT xorxes from 24.232.147.225 18
Fri 12 of Aug, 2005 18:13 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 17
Thu 11 of Aug, 2005 19:01 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 16
Tue 09 of Aug, 2005 14:22 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 15
Tue 09 of Aug, 2005 14:21 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 14
Fri 08 of Jul, 2005 13:16 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 13
Tue 05 of Jul, 2005 19:45 GMT rlpowell from 64.241.242.18 12
Mon 04 of Jul, 2005 19:31 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 11
Mon 04 of Jul, 2005 19:24 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 10
Mon 04 of Jul, 2005 17:02 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 9
Mon 04 of Jul, 2005 16:14 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 8
Mon 04 of Jul, 2005 15:32 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 7
Wed 29 of Jun, 2005 18:51 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 6
Sat 25 of Jun, 2005 00:17 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.49.134 5
Fri 24 of Jun, 2005 23:57 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.49.134 4
Thu 16 of Jun, 2005 23:53 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.49.134 3
Wed 25 of Aug, 2004 14:43 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 2
Wed 18 of Aug, 2004 19:20 GMT xorxes from 200.49.74.2 1