Proposed Definitions and Examples
cmavo: .a (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected sumti.
See Also
- {.e}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {ji}
- {vlina}
Proposed Keywords
- or (sumti ALC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (sumti ALC)
- and/or (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- .i ju'o la .alis. .a la .bab. djuno
- I’m sure Alice or Bob knows.
- .i mi na ponse lo jdini .a lo kacma
- I have neither money nor a camera.
cmavo: .e (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for each of the connected sumti.
See Also
- {.a}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {ji}
- {kanxe}
Proposed Keywords
- and (sumti ALC)
- but (sumti ALC)
- both (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- .i makfa do .e nai mi
- Magic to you but not to me.
cmavo: .o (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected sumti.
See Also
Proposed Keywords:
- if and only if (sumti ALC)
- iff (sumti ALC)
- both or neither (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- .i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .o lo finpe
- I want chicken if and only if I want fish. (This might be implied in English anyway using "if" instead of "if and only if")
- .i mi .o la .alis. salci
- Alice and I will both celebrate, or neither of us will.
cmavo cluster: .o nai (A*)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected sumti.
See Also
- {.a}
- {.e}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {ji}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords:
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
- do onai lo drata ba pinxe
- Either you or another, but not both, will drink.
- do ca tadni lo samske .onai lo cmaci
- You are either studying computer science or math.
- do kakne lenu pilno le barda skami .onai le cmalu skami ku ma
- Under what conditions are you able to use either a big computer or a small computer, but not both?
cmavo: .u (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of connected sumti.
See Also
Proposed Keywords:
- whether (sumti connective)
- whether or not (sumti connective)
- both or neither (sumti connective)
- regardless (sumti connective)
- disregardless (sumti connective)
- irrespective (sumti connective)
- no matter (sumti connective)
- disregarding (sumti connective)
Usage Examples
- mi citka lo cirla .u lo nanba
- I eat chese whether or not I eat bread.
- fanza mi u do
- That annoys me whether or not it annoys you.
- mi nelci la jbovlaste se .u nai la .noraluj.
- I like jbovlaste, or I like neither jbovlaste nor noralujv.
- .i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .u lo finpe
- I want chicken whether or not I want the fish.
cmavo: ji (A)
Proposed Definition
The sumti ALC question: asks the listener to supply a sumti ALC that makes the containing bridi true.
See Also
- {.a}
- {.e}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {preti}
- {cuxna}
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
Note that "or" doesn't really capture the Lojban here very well,
because any sumti ALC is legal here, but it's about the best we can
do.
- .i do pinxe lo ckafi ji lo tcati .i na .e
- Are you drinking coffee or tea? — The latter.
- .i doi .bancus. pau le cmene be do cu srana lo'u ban cus le'u ji zo bancu
- Bancus, is your name related to “ban cus” or to “bancu”?
cmavo: ga (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {ge'i}
- {vlina}
Proposed Keywords
- or (general FLC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (general FLC)
- and/or (general FLC)
Usage Examples
- ga le jintyke'a cu mutce le ka condi gi abu mutce le ka masno le nu farlu
- Either the well was very deep or Alice was falling very slowly.
- .ue sai ga mi xamgu se funca gi ti na mutce vlipa
- Either I'm lucky, or that's not very powerful, or both.
- .i .u'u ga lo se cpedu cu na cumki gi do snada lo nu cfipu mi
- I'm sorry, either that request is not possible, or you've succeeded at confusing me, or both.
cmavo: ge (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ga}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {ge'i}
- {kanxe}
Proposed Keywords
- and (general FLC)
- but (general FLC)
- both (general FLC)
Usage Examples
- abu tolmorji le nu ge abu ca kilto la ractu le ka barda giseki'ubo noda krinu le nu terpa ry
- Alice forgot that she was a thousand times bigger than Rabbit and therefore had no reason to fear it.
- la .zim. la .gr. ge mulno se selfu gi minde lo za'i morsi
- Zim is completely the master of Gr, and commands Gr to cause death.
cmavo: go (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected phrases.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
- if and only if (general FLC)
- iff (general FLC)
- both or neither (general FLC)
Usage Examples
- go mi na ponse lo cidja gi mi nitcu lonu klama lo cidrjpitsa zarci
- I need to go to the pizza store if and only if I don't have any food.
- ro da ro de zo'u go da de mamta gi da fetsi gi'e rirni de
- For all X and Y, X is the mother of Y if and only if X is female and reared Y.
- .i'e go tolju'i gi ju'o ru'e cliva
- Yeah, if [you're] ignoring [us?], [you] should maybe leave.
cmavo cluster: go nai (GA*)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {ge'i}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
- gonai do sarji mi gi do sarji lo sonci
- You're either with us or with the soldiers.
- gonai mi dunda le cidja gi le bifce ba nelci mi
- Either I give food or the bees won't like me.
- gonai vi mi snime carvi gi mi fenki
- Either it's snowing here or I'm crazy.
cmavo: gu (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected phrases.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
- whether (sumti FLC)
- whether or not (sumti FLC)
- both or neither (sumti FLC)
- regardless (sumti FLC)
- disregardless (sumti FLC)
- irrespective (sumti FLC)
- no matter (sumti FLC)
- disregarding (sumti FLC)
Usage Examples
- .i .ia mi pu na'e sanji krici lo du'u se gu li'a mutce xamgu gi la'a na'e mutce zdile ja cinri
- I think I was unconsciously believing that, whether or not it was clearly very good, it probably wasn’t very amusing or interesting.
- .i gu srana gi to'e melbi
- It's relevant, whether or not it's ugly.
- lo nu do kakne lo nu ciksi bau la .lojban. cu se gu nandu gi se jgira ko
- Being able to explain it in Lojban should, whether or not it is difficult, make you feel pride.
cmavo: ge'i (GA)
Proposed Definition
The general FLC question: asks the listener to supply a FLC that makes the containing bridi true.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {preti}
- {cuxna}
Proposed Keywords
- or (general FLC, question)
Usage Examples
Note that "or" doesn't really capture the Lojban very well, because any FLC
is legal here, but it's about the best we can do.
- do zanru ge'i lo du'u na pinka gi lo mi gunka stuzi
- Do you approve of me not commenting or of my workplace?
- doi .timos. la .xongcun. cu ge'i du le de'u pendo be do gi jimpe fi dei
- Tim, is xongcun the friend of yours you just mentioned or capable of understanding this?
- la cizra ge'i cizra gi ninmu
- Is Cizra strange or a woman?
cmavo: gi'a (SELMAHO)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- or (bridi-tail ALC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (bridi-tail ALC)
- and/or (bridi-tail ALC)
Usage Examples
- ko zifre ba'e gi'a morsi
- Be free or die! Or both!
- mu'a fi ko cfika gi'a pemci
- For example, you should write fiction or poetry, or both.
- doi azet do mutce bebna gi'a xalbo tavla
- Azet, you are very foolish or speak amusingly, or both.
cmavo: gi'e (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- and (sumti ALC)
- but (sumti ALC)
- both (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- baziku la alis mo'ine'i jersi ry gi'e noroi pensi le du'u ta'iba'e makau abu ba za'ure'u bartu
- Shortly, Alice chased R inside, and never thought about how she would get out again.
- mi sanli gi'e cortu lo xadni trixe
- I stand and feel pain in the back of my body.
- le i'u dargu cu clani gi'e jai nandu
- The familiar road is long and difficult.
cmavo: gi'o (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- if and only if (bridi-tail ALC)
- iff (bridi-tail ALC)
- both or neither (bridi-tail ALC)
Usage Examples
;fasnu gi'o pixra;Pics or it didn't happen.
- ro da danlu gi'o se cidja
- Everything is an animal and everything is edible, or neither.
- mi rivbi tu'a le glibau gi'o tavla lo jbopre
- I avoid English and I talk to Lojbanists, or neither.
cmavo cluster: gi'o nai (GIhA*)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
- pe'a le merko ca blanu gi'o nai xunre
- Speaking figuratively, an American is now either Red or Blue.
- .e'u nai sai zgana gi'o nai gunka
- Careful! Observation or work, not both.
- sipna gi'onai mrobi'o co'o
- Sleep or death. Bye!
cmavo: gi'u (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- whether (sumti FLC)
- whether or not (sumti FLC)
- both or neither (sumti FLC)
- regardless (sumti FLC)
- disregardless (sumti FLC)
- irrespective (sumti FLC)
- no matter (sumti FLC)
- disregarding (sumti FLC)
Usage Examples
- se jimpe gi'u drani
- That's comprehensible, whether or not it's correct.
- zo je zmadu zo .e le ka xamgu gi'u gendra
- "je" is better than ".e", whether or not "je" is grammatically correct.
- do skicu gi'u sanji vau la .samxarmuj.
- You are describing samxarmuj, whether or not you're aware of it.
Proposed Definition of gi'i
- gi'i (GIhA)
- bridi conn ? — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought conn question --
Examples of gi'i Usage
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Definition of gu'a
- gu'a (GUhA)
- fore tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought or (with gi) --
Examples of gu'a Usage
Proposed Definition of gu'e
- gu'e (GUhA)
- fore tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought and (with gi) --
Examples of gu'e Usage
Proposed Definition of gu'i
- gu'i (GUhA)
- fore tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought question (with gi) --
Examples of gu'i Usage
Proposed Definition of gu'o
- gu'o (GUhA)
- fore tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if (with gi) --
Examples of gu'o Usage
Proposed Definition of gu'u
- gu'u (GUhA)
- fore tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought whether-or-not (with gi) --
Examples of gu'u Usage
Proposed Definition of gi
;gi (GI):
1. Introduces the second clause or phrase, which can be anything but tanru-internal, connected by a coordinating conjunction.
2. Converts a non-logical conjunction into a coordinating conjunction.
- Keywords: coordinating, connective, conjunction, medial
Examples of gi Usage
ge nai lo xanto gi nai lo smacu cu xunryblabi
Neither an elephant nor a mouse is pink.
ganai mi gunka lo valsi gi mi zmanei la rubis.
If I'm working on words, then I prefer Ruby. (Discussion on programming languages)
mi ge cliva gi .ai xrukla
I'm leaving, and I intend to come back.
joigi la esperantos gi la idos
both Esperanto and Ido together
.i ku'i pu za tavla fi joi gi lo skina gi lo skami
but were talking about both movies and computers
Proposed Definition of .ija
- .ija (JA*)
- sentence or — logical connective: sentence afterthought or --
Examples of .ija Usage
Proposed Definition of .ije
- .ije (JA*)
- sentence and — logical connective: sentence afterthought and --
Examples of .ije Usage
Proposed Definition of .ije'i
- .ije'i (JA*)
- sentence conn ? — logical connective: sentence afterthought conn question --
Examples of .ije'i Usage
Proposed Definition of .ijo
- .ijo (JA*)
- sentence iff — logical connective: sentence afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --
Examples of .ijo Usage
Proposed Definition of .iju
- .iju (JA*)
- sentence whether — logical connective: sentence afterthought whether-or-not --
Examples of .iju Usage
Proposed Definition of ja
- ja (JA)
- tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or --
Examples of ja Usage
Proposed Definition of jai
- jai (JAI)
- modal conversion — convert tense/modal (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra FA place (fai) --
Examples of jai Usage
Proposed Definition of je
- je (JA)
- tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and --
Examples of je Usage
Proposed Definition of je'i
- je'i (JA)
- tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought conn question --
Examples of je'i Usage
Proposed Definition of jo
- jo (JA)
- tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --
Examples of jo Usage
Proposed Definition of ju
- ju (JA)
- tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought whether-or-not --
Examples of ju Usage
These are words that might be used pedagogically to mark these word types per http://teddyb.org/robin/Documentation+Standards+For+Lojban.
- (sumti/bridi-tail/general) afterthought logical connective, which we're just calling ALC
- We might want to come up with something better than "bridi-tail" there.
- needs a Lojban equivalent?
- (tanru/general) forethought logical connective (FLC)
- needs a Lojban equivalent?
Notes
- Unlimited forethought connection would be really nice. This would need a new cmavo something like {bei}, for all but the last connection. So {ge ko'a gi ko'e} is unchanged, but {ge ko'a gi'oi ko'e gi ko'i} means the same as {ko'a .e ko'e .e ko'i}. {gi} marks "this is the last branch of the next-outer-most FLC".
- < ksion> Plus probably a terminator in case you forgot saying {gi} before the last argument. < ksion> (That's mostly for speech convienience though).
- Since all LC are theoretically syntactic sugar for {.i JA}, how to GOhA interact with them?
- Example: {ko'a brode gi'e broda} — what's {go'i} after that? {ko'a broda}? Or {ko'a brode gi'e broda} whatever that means as single bridi.
- Also {vo'A}. What does {ko'a broda ko'e gi'e brode ko'i vo'e} mean? Does {vo'e} refer to {ko'e} or {ko'i}?
- In most cases it probably should be "refers to the bridi it itself is embedded in".
- What is the meaning of SE + logical connective, when the SE is something other than {se}?
- There are gismu equivalents of A and E, but not O and U. This seems unfortunate. Does {nibli} count as an equiv of O?
- Speaking of which, what do {kanxe} and {vlina} actually mean? Is {le kanxe be ko'a bei ko'e cu broda} semantically equivalent to {ko'a .e ko'e cu broda}? If not, what *is* it semantically equivalent to?
- Yet another use/mention problem in the gismu. How many does that make?
- ksion in #lojban suggests: {la'e lu ko'a broda .ije ko'a brode li'u cu kanxe lo du'u ko'a broda kei lo du'u ko'a brode}, which is horrible; I (camgusmis) would rather redefine than be stuck with shit like that.
- {i lo du'u ge broda gi brode cu kanxe lo du'u broda kei lo du'u brode} from dbrock; same thing
- xorxes had a proposal that replaces all the logical connectives with JA, which is rather impressive. See http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/131b44ba66d8a108/bac4b378caafbdeb
Impact