History: BPFK Section: Logical Connectives

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Proposed Definitions and Examples


Table of contents

cmavo: .a (A)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected sumti.

See Also

  • {.e}
  • {.o}
  • {.u}
  • {ji}
  • {vlina}

Proposed Keywords

  • or (sumti ALC, inclusive)
  • inclusive or (sumti ALC)
  • and/or (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

.i ju'o la .alis. .a la .bab. djuno
I’m sure Alice or Bob knows.
.i mi na ponse lo jdini .a lo kacma
I have neither money nor a camera.

cmavo: .e (A)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for each of the connected sumti.

See Also

  • {.a}
  • {.o}
  • {.u}
  • {ji}
  • {kanxe}

Proposed Keywords

  • and (sumti ALC)
  • but (sumti ALC)
  • both (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

.i makfa do .e nai mi
Magic to you but not to me.

cmavo: .o (A)

Proposed Definition


A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected sumti.

See Also

  • {.a}
  • {.e}
  • {.u}
  • {ji}

Proposed Keywords:

  • if and only if (sumti ALC)
  • iff (sumti ALC)
  • both or neither (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

.i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .o lo finpe
I want chicken if and only if I want fish. (This might be implied in English anyway using "if" instead of "if and only if")
.i mi .o la .alis. salci
Alice and I will both celebrate, or neither of us will.

cmavo cluster: .o nai (A*)

Proposed Definition


A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected sumti.

See Also

  • {.a}
  • {.e}
  • {.o}
  • {.u}
  • {ji}
  • {nai}

Proposed Keywords:

  • exclusive or (sumti ALC)
  • or (sumti ALC, exclusive)

Usage Examples

do onai lo drata ba pinxe
Either you or another, but not both, will drink.
do ca tadni lo samske .onai lo cmaci
You are either studying computer science or math.
do kakne lenu pilno le barda skami .onai le cmalu skami ku ma
Under what conditions are you able to use either a big computer or a small computer, but not both?

cmavo: .u (A)

Proposed Definition


A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of connected sumti.

See Also

  • {.a}
  • {.e}
  • {.o}
  • {ji}

Proposed Keywords:

  • whether (sumti connective)
  • whether or not (sumti connective)
  • both or neither (sumti connective)
  • regardless (sumti connective)
  • disregardless (sumti connective)
  • irrespective (sumti connective)
  • no matter (sumti connective)
  • disregarding (sumti connective)

Usage Examples

mi citka lo cirla .u lo nanba
I eat chese whether or not I eat bread.
fanza mi u do
That annoys me whether or not it annoys you.
mi nelci la jbovlaste se .u nai la .noraluj.
I like jbovlaste, or I like neither jbovlaste nor noralujv.
.i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .u lo finpe
I want chicken whether or not I want the fish.

cmavo: ji (A)

Proposed Definition

The sumti ALC question: asks the listener to supply a sumti ALC that makes the containing bridi true.

See Also

  • {.a}
  • {.e}
  • {.o}
  • {.u}
  • {preti}
  • {cuxna}

Proposed Keywords

  • or (sumti ALC, question)

Usage Examples


Note that "or" doesn't really capture the Lojban here very well,
because any sumti ALC is legal here, but it's about the best we can
do.

.i do pinxe lo ckafi ji lo tcati .i na .e
Are you drinking coffee or tea? — The latter.
.i doi .bancus. pau le cmene be do cu srana lo'u ban cus le'u ji zo bancu
Bancus, is your name related to “ban cus” or to “bancu”?

cmavo: ga (GA)

Proposed Definition


A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected phrases.

See Also

  • {ge}
  • {go}
  • {gu}
  • {ge'i}
  • {vlina}

Proposed Keywords

  • or (general FLC, inclusive)
  • inclusive or (general FLC)
  • and/or (general FLC)

Usage Examples

ga le jintyke'a cu mutce le ka condi gi abu mutce le ka masno le nu farlu
Either the well was very deep or Alice was falling very slowly.
.ue sai ga mi xamgu se funca gi ti na mutce vlipa
Either I'm lucky, or that's not very powerful, or both.
.i .u'u ga lo se cpedu cu na cumki gi do snada lo nu cfipu mi
I'm sorry, either that request is not possible, or you've succeeded at confusing me, or both.

cmavo: ge (GA)

Proposed Definition


A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected phrases.

See Also

  • {ga}
  • {go}
  • {gu}
  • {ge'i}
  • {kanxe}

Proposed Keywords

  • and (general FLC)
  • but (general FLC)
  • both (general FLC)

Usage Examples

abu tolmorji le nu ge abu ca kilto la ractu le ka barda giseki'ubo noda krinu le nu terpa ry
Alice forgot that she was a thousand times bigger than Rabbit and therefore had no reason to fear it.
la .zim. la .gr. ge mulno se selfu gi minde lo za'i morsi
Zim is completely the master of Gr, and commands Gr to cause death.

cmavo: go (GA)

Proposed Definition

A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected phrases.

See Also

  • {ga}
  • {ge}
  • {gu}
  • {ge'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • if and only if (general FLC)
  • iff (general FLC)
  • both or neither (general FLC)

Usage Examples

go mi na ponse lo cidja gi mi nitcu lonu klama lo cidrjpitsa zarci
I need to go to the pizza store if and only if I don't have any food.
ro da ro de zo'u go da de mamta gi da fetsi gi'e rirni de
For all X and Y, X is the mother of Y if and only if X is female and reared Y.
.i'e go tolju'i gi ju'o ru'e cliva
Yeah, if [you're] ignoring [us?], [you] should maybe leave.

cmavo cluster: go nai (GA*)

Proposed Definition

A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected phrases.

See Also

  • {ga}
  • {ge}
  • {go}
  • {gu}
  • {ge'i}
  • {nai}

Proposed Keywords

  • exclusive or (sumti ALC)
  • or (sumti ALC, exclusive)

Usage Examples

gonai do sarji mi gi do sarji lo sonci
You're either with us or with the soldiers.
gonai mi dunda le cidja gi le bifce ba nelci mi
Either I give food or the bees won't like me.
gonai vi mi snime carvi gi mi fenki
Either it's snowing here or I'm crazy.

cmavo: gu (GA)

Proposed Definition

A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected phrases.

See Also

  • {ga}
  • {ge}
  • {go}
  • {ge'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • whether (sumti FLC)
  • whether or not (sumti FLC)
  • both or neither (sumti FLC)
  • regardless (sumti FLC)
  • disregardless (sumti FLC)
  • irrespective (sumti FLC)
  • no matter (sumti FLC)
  • disregarding (sumti FLC)

Usage Examples

.i .ia mi pu na'e sanji krici lo du'u se gu li'a mutce xamgu gi la'a na'e mutce zdile ja cinri
I think I was unconsciously believing that, whether or not it was clearly very good, it probably wasn’t very amusing or interesting.
.i gu srana gi to'e melbi
It's relevant, whether or not it's ugly.
lo nu do kakne lo nu ciksi bau la .lojban. cu se gu nandu gi se jgira ko
Being able to explain it in Lojban should, whether or not it is difficult, make you feel pride.

cmavo: ge'i (GA)

Proposed Definition

The general FLC question: asks the listener to supply a FLC that makes the containing bridi true.

See Also

  • {ga}
  • {ge}
  • {go}
  • {gu}
  • {preti}
  • {cuxna}

Proposed Keywords

  • or (general FLC, question)

Usage Examples

Note that "or" doesn't really capture the Lojban very well, because any FLC
is legal here, but it's about the best we can do.

do zanru ge'i lo du'u na pinka gi lo mi gunka stuzi
Do you approve of me not commenting or of my workplace?
doi .timos. la .xongcun. cu ge'i du le de'u pendo be do gi jimpe fi dei
Tim, is xongcun the friend of yours you just mentioned or capable of understanding this?
la cizra ge'i cizra gi ninmu
Is Cizra strange or a woman?

cmavo: gi'a (SELMAHO)

Proposed Definition

A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected bridi tails.

See Also

  • {gi'e}
  • {gi'o}
  • {gi'u}
  • {gi'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • or (bridi-tail ALC, inclusive)
  • inclusive or (bridi-tail ALC)
  • and/or (bridi-tail ALC)

Usage Examples

ko zifre ba'e gi'a morsi
Be free or die! Or both!
mu'a fi ko cfika gi'a pemci
For example, you should write fiction or poetry, or both.
doi azet do mutce bebna gi'a xalbo tavla
Azet, you are very foolish or speak amusingly, or both.

cmavo: gi'e (GIhA)

Proposed Definition

A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected bridi tails.

See Also

  • {gi'a}
  • {gi'o}
  • {gi'u}
  • {gi'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • and (sumti ALC)
  • but (sumti ALC)
  • both (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

baziku la alis mo'ine'i jersi ry gi'e noroi pensi le du'u ta'iba'e makau abu ba za'ure'u bartu
Shortly, Alice chased R inside, and never thought about how she would get out again.
mi sanli gi'e cortu lo xadni trixe
I stand and feel pain in the back of my body.
le i'u dargu cu clani gi'e jai nandu
The familiar road is long and difficult.

cmavo: gi'o (GIhA)

Proposed Definition

A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected bridi tails.

See Also

  • {gi'a}
  • {gi'e}
  • {gi'u}
  • {gi'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • if and only if (bridi-tail ALC)
  • iff (bridi-tail ALC)
  • both or neither (bridi-tail ALC)

Usage Examples

;fasnu gi'o pixra;Pics or it didn't happen.

ro da danlu gi'o se cidja
Everything is an animal and everything is edible, or neither.
mi rivbi tu'a le glibau gi'o tavla lo jbopre
I avoid English and I talk to Lojbanists, or neither.

cmavo cluster: gi'o nai (GIhA*)

Proposed Definition

A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected bridi tails.

See Also

  • {gi'a}
  • {gi'e}
  • {gi'o}
  • {gi'u}
  • {gi'i}
  • {nai}

Proposed Keywords

  • exclusive or (sumti ALC)
  • or (sumti ALC, exclusive)

Usage Examples

pe'a le merko ca blanu gi'o nai xunre
Speaking figuratively, an American is now either Red or Blue.
.e'u nai sai zgana gi'o nai gunka
Careful! Observation or work, not both.
sipna gi'onai mrobi'o co'o
Sleep or death. Bye!

cmavo: gi'u (GIhA)

Proposed Definition

A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected bridi tails.

See Also

  • {gi'a}
  • {gi'e}
  • {gi'o}
  • {gi'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • whether (sumti FLC)
  • whether or not (sumti FLC)
  • both or neither (sumti FLC)
  • regardless (sumti FLC)
  • disregardless (sumti FLC)
  • irrespective (sumti FLC)
  • no matter (sumti FLC)
  • disregarding (sumti FLC)

Usage Examples

se jimpe gi'u drani
That's comprehensible, whether or not it's correct.
zo je zmadu zo .e le ka xamgu gi'u gendra
"je" is better than ".e", whether or not "je" is grammatically correct.
do skicu gi'u sanji vau la .samxarmuj.
You are describing samxarmuj, whether or not you're aware of it.

Proposed Definition of gi'i

gi'i (GIhA)
bridi conn ? — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought conn question --
    • Keywords:

Examples of gi'i Usage

  • {gi'a}
  • {gi'e}
  • {gi'o}
  • {gi'u}
  • {gi'i}

Proposed Definition of gu'a

gu'a (GUhA)
fore tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought or (with gi) --
    • Keywords:

Examples of gu'a Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'e

gu'e (GUhA)
fore tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought and (with gi) --
    • Keywords:

Examples of gu'e Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'i

gu'i (GUhA)
fore tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought question (with gi) --
    • Keywords:

Examples of gu'i Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'o

gu'o (GUhA)
fore tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if (with gi) --
    • Keywords:

Examples of gu'o Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'u

gu'u (GUhA)
fore tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought whether-or-not (with gi) --
    • Keywords:

Examples of gu'u Usage

Proposed Definition of gi


;gi (GI):
1. Introduces the second clause or phrase, which can be anything but tanru-internal, connected by a coordinating conjunction.
2. Converts a non-logical conjunction into a coordinating conjunction.

    • Keywords: coordinating, connective, conjunction, medial

Examples of gi Usage


ge nai lo xanto gi nai lo smacu cu xunryblabi
Neither an elephant nor a mouse is pink.

ganai mi gunka lo valsi gi mi zmanei la rubis.
If I'm working on words, then I prefer Ruby. (Discussion on programming languages)

mi ge cliva gi .ai xrukla
I'm leaving, and I intend to come back.

joigi la esperantos gi la idos
both Esperanto and Ido together

.i ku'i pu za tavla fi joi gi lo skina gi lo skami
but were talking about both movies and computers

Proposed Definition of .ija

.ija (JA*)
sentence or — logical connective: sentence afterthought or --
    • Keywords:

Examples of .ija Usage

Proposed Definition of .ije

.ije (JA*)
sentence and — logical connective: sentence afterthought and --
    • Keywords:

Examples of .ije Usage

Proposed Definition of .ije'i

.ije'i (JA*)
sentence conn ? — logical connective: sentence afterthought conn question --
    • Keywords:

Examples of .ije'i Usage

Proposed Definition of .ijo

.ijo (JA*)
sentence iff — logical connective: sentence afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --
    • Keywords:

Examples of .ijo Usage

Proposed Definition of .iju

.iju (JA*)
sentence whether — logical connective: sentence afterthought whether-or-not --
    • Keywords:

Examples of .iju Usage

Proposed Definition of ja

ja (JA)
tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or --
    • Keywords:

Examples of ja Usage

Proposed Definition of jai

jai (JAI)
modal conversion — convert tense/modal (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra FA place (fai) --
    • Keywords:

Examples of jai Usage

Proposed Definition of je

je (JA)
tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and --
    • Keywords:

Examples of je Usage

Proposed Definition of je'i

je'i (JA)
tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought conn question --
    • Keywords:

Examples of je'i Usage

Proposed Definition of jo

jo (JA)
tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --
    • Keywords:

Examples of jo Usage

Proposed Definition of ju

ju (JA)
tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought whether-or-not --
    • Keywords:

Examples of ju Usage

Proposed Tags


These are words that might be used pedagogically to mark these word types per http://teddyb.org/robin/Documentation+Standards+For+Lojban.

  • (sumti/bridi-tail/general) afterthought logical connective, which we're just calling ALC
    • We might want to come up with something better than "bridi-tail" there.
    • needs a Lojban equivalent?
  • (tanru/general) forethought logical connective (FLC)
    • needs a Lojban equivalent?

Notes

  • Unlimited forethought connection would be really nice. This would need a new cmavo something like {bei}, for all but the last connection. So {ge ko'a gi ko'e} is unchanged, but {ge ko'a gi'oi ko'e gi ko'i} means the same as {ko'a .e ko'e .e ko'i}. {gi} marks "this is the last branch of the next-outer-most FLC".
    • < ksion> Plus probably a terminator in case you forgot saying {gi} before the last argument. < ksion> (That's mostly for speech convienience though).
  • Since all LC are theoretically syntactic sugar for {.i JA}, how to GOhA interact with them?
    • Example: {ko'a brode gi'e broda} — what's {go'i} after that? {ko'a broda}? Or {ko'a brode gi'e broda} whatever that means as single bridi.
  • Also {vo'A}. What does {ko'a broda ko'e gi'e brode ko'i vo'e} mean? Does {vo'e} refer to {ko'e} or {ko'i}?
    • In most cases it probably should be "refers to the bridi it itself is embedded in".
  • What is the meaning of SE + logical connective, when the SE is something other than {se}?
  • There are gismu equivalents of A and E, but not O and U. This seems unfortunate. Does {nibli} count as an equiv of O?
  • Speaking of which, what do {kanxe} and {vlina} actually mean? Is {le kanxe be ko'a bei ko'e cu broda} semantically equivalent to {ko'a .e ko'e cu broda}? If not, what *is* it semantically equivalent to?
    • Yet another use/mention problem in the gismu. How many does that make?
    • ksion in #lojban suggests: {la'e lu ko'a broda .ije ko'a brode li'u cu kanxe lo du'u ko'a broda kei lo du'u ko'a brode}, which is horrible; I (camgusmis) would rather redefine than be stuck with shit like that.
    • {i lo du'u ge broda gi brode cu kanxe lo du'u broda kei lo du'u brode} from dbrock; same thing
  • xorxes had a proposal that replaces all the logical connectives with JA, which is rather impressive. See http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/131b44ba66d8a108/bac4b378caafbdeb

Impact



History

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Information Version
Thu 21 of Aug, 2014 17:49 GMT Ilmen from 95.210.209.219 Adding a note. 83
Thu 21 of Aug, 2014 17:40 GMT Ilmen from 95.210.209.219 Fixing a link 82
Sat 14 of Jun, 2014 17:40 GMT mukti from 24.90.95.13 Formatting 81
Sat 14 of Jun, 2014 16:56 GMT selpa'i from 93.220.111.59 80
Thu 12 of Jun, 2014 05:27 GMT danr from 24.143.98.100 SELMAhO -> GUhA 79
Tue 10 of Jun, 2014 20:39 GMT selpa'i from 93.220.90.239 78
Tue 10 of Jun, 2014 05:03 GMT danr from 24.143.98.100 add some boxes 77
Tue 10 of Jun, 2014 03:26 GMT mukti from 68.173.146.212 76
Thu 29 of May, 2014 22:15 GMT selpa'i from 93.220.76.143 75
Thu 25 of Aug, 2011 18:24 GMT Eimi from 128.252.20.177 74
Wed 12 of Jan, 2011 13:25 GMT RossOgilvie from 220.239.170.184 73
Fri 07 of Jan, 2011 20:35 GMT admin from 173.13.139.233 72
Fri 07 of Jan, 2011 19:43 GMT admin from 173.13.139.233 71
Wed 29 of Dec, 2010 07:56 GMT lindarthebard from 32.175.23.84 70
Sun 26 of Dec, 2010 03:34 GMT lindarthebard from 32.173.66.200 69
Tue 26 of Oct, 2010 07:22 GMT lindarthebard from 166.191.143.213 68
Tue 19 of Oct, 2010 00:38 GMT lindarthebard from 32.172.136.135 67
Tue 19 of Oct, 2010 00:37 GMT lindarthebard from 32.172.136.135 66
Tue 19 of Oct, 2010 00:36 GMT lindarthebard from 32.172.136.135 65
Fri 15 of Oct, 2010 05:41 GMT eyeonus from 132.178.238.2 64
Fri 15 of Oct, 2010 05:13 GMT eyeonus from 132.178.238.2 63
Fri 15 of Oct, 2010 04:58 GMT eyeonus from 132.178.238.2 62
Tue 12 of Oct, 2010 03:42 GMT lindarthebard from 32.174.71.63 61
Tue 12 of Oct, 2010 03:26 GMT lindarthebard from 32.174.71.63 60
Tue 12 of Oct, 2010 03:24 GMT lindarthebard from 32.174.71.63 59
Sun 04 of Jul, 2010 10:03 GMT arj from 178.74.14.44 Addedl inks to prior discussions 58
Mon 21 of Jun, 2010 01:02 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 57
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 20:00 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 56
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 07:45 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 55
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 07:45 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 54
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 07:41 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 53
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 07:29 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 52
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 07:18 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 51
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 06:57 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 50
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 06:20 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 49
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 05:04 GMT lindarthebard from 166.191.60.105 I probably failed at that translation. 48
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 04:45 GMT lindarthebard from 166.191.60.105 47
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 04:22 GMT lindarthebard from 166.190.212.233 Watch Lucasfilms roll in the lawsuits. Hypocrites... 46
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 03:48 GMT lindarthebard from 166.190.55.216 Added (potentially fail) example. 45
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 03:31 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 44
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 01:31 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 43
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 01:22 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 42
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 01:16 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 41
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 01:14 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 40
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 01:13 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 39
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 00:38 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 38
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 00:19 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 37
Sun 20 of Jun, 2010 00:09 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 36
Sat 19 of Jun, 2010 23:43 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 35
Sat 19 of Jun, 2010 21:37 GMT rlpowell from 64.81.66.169 34
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