Proposed Definitions and Examples
cmavo: .a (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected sumti.
See Also
- {.e}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {ji}
- {vlina}
Proposed Keywords
- or (sumti ALC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (sumti ALC)
- and/or (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- .i ju'o la .alis. .a la .bab. djuno
- I’m sure Alice or Bob knows.
- .i mi na ponse lo jdini .a lo kacma
- I have neither money nor a camera.
cmavo: .e (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for each of the connected sumti.
See Also
- {.a}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {ji}
- {kanxe}
Proposed Keywords
- and (sumti ALC)
- but (sumti ALC)
- both (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- .i makfa do .e nai mi
- Magic to you but not to me.
cmavo: .o (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected sumti.
See Also
Proposed Keywords:
- if and only if (sumti ALC)
- iff (sumti ALC)
- both or neither (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- .i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .o lo finpe
- I want chicken if and only if I want fish. (This might be implied in English anyway using "if" instead of "if and only if")
- .i mi .o la .alis. salci
- Alice and I will both celebrate, or neither of us will.
cmavo cluster: .o nai (A*)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected sumti.
See Also
- {.a}
- {.e}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {ji}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords:
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
- do onai lo drata ba pinxe
- Either you or another, but not both, will drink.
- do ca tadni lo samske .onai lo cmaci
- You are either studying computer science or math.
- do kakne lenu pilno le barda skami .onai le cmalu skami ku ma
- Under what conditions are you able to use either a big computer or a small computer, but not both?
cmavo: .u (A)
Proposed Definition
A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of connected sumti.
See Also
Proposed Keywords:
- whether (sumti connective)
- whether or not (sumti connective)
- both or neither (sumti connective)
- regardless (sumti connective)
- disregardless (sumti connective)
- irrespective (sumti connective)
- no matter (sumti connective)
- disregarding (sumti connective)
Usage Examples
- mi citka lo cirla .u lo nanba
- I eat chese whether or not I eat bread.
- fanza mi u do
- That annoys me whether or not it annoys you.
- mi nelci la jbovlaste se .u nai la .noraluj.
- I like jbovlaste, or I like neither jbovlaste nor noralujv.
- .i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .u lo finpe
- I want chicken whether or not I want the fish.
cmavo: ji (A)
Proposed Definition
The sumti ALC question: asks the listener to supply a sumti ALC that makes the containing bridi true.
See Also
- {.a}
- {.e}
- {.o}
- {.u}
- {preti}
- {cuxna}
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
Note that "or" doesn't really capture the Lojban here very well,
because any sumti ALC is legal here, but it's about the best we can
do.
- .i do pinxe lo ckafi ji lo tcati .i na .e
- Are you drinking coffee or tea? — The latter.
- .i doi .bancus. pau le cmene be do cu srana lo'u ban cus le'u ji zo bancu
- Bancus, is your name related to “ban cus” or to “bancu”?
cmavo: ga (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {ge'i}
- {gi}
- {vlina}
Proposed Keywords
- or (general FLC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (general FLC)
- and/or (general FLC)
Usage Examples
- ga le jintyke'a cu mutce le ka condi gi abu mutce le ka masno le nu farlu
- Either the well was very deep or Alice was falling very slowly.
- .ue sai ga mi xamgu se funca gi ti na mutce vlipa
- Either I'm lucky, or that's not very powerful, or both.
- .i .u'u ga lo se cpedu cu na cumki gi do snada lo nu cfipu mi
- I'm sorry, either that request is not possible, or you've succeeded at confusing me, or both.
cmavo: ge (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ga}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {ge'i}
- {gi}
- {kanxe}
Proposed Keywords
- and (general FLC)
- but (general FLC)
- both (general FLC)
Usage Examples
- abu tolmorji le nu ge abu ca kilto la ractu le ka barda giseki'ubo noda krinu le nu terpa ry
- Alice forgot that she was a thousand times bigger than Rabbit and therefore had no reason to fear it.
- la .zim. la .gr. ge mulno se selfu gi minde lo za'i morsi
- Zim is completely the master of Gr, and commands Gr to cause death.
cmavo: go (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {gu}
- {gi}
- {ge'i}
Proposed Keywords
- if and only if (general FLC)
- iff (general FLC)
- both or neither (general FLC)
Usage Examples
- go mi na ponse lo cidja gi mi nitcu lonu klama lo cidrjpitsa zarci
- I need to go to the pizza store if and only if I don't have any food.
- ro da ro de zo'u go da de mamta gi da fetsi gi'e rirni de
- For all X and Y, X is the mother of Y if and only if X is female and reared Y.
- .i'e go tolju'i gi ju'o ru'e cliva
- Yeah, if [you're] ignoring [us?], [you] should maybe leave.
cmavo cluster: go nai (GA*)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {gi}
- {ge'i}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
- gonai do sarji mi gi do sarji lo sonci
- You're either with us or with the soldiers.
- gonai mi dunda le cidja gi le bifce ba nelci mi
- Either I give food or the bees won't like me.
- gonai vi mi snime carvi gi mi fenki
- Either it's snowing here or I'm crazy.
cmavo: gu (GA)
Proposed Definition
A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gi}
- {ge'i}
Proposed Keywords
- whether (sumti FLC)
- whether or not (sumti FLC)
- both or neither (sumti FLC)
- regardless (sumti FLC)
- disregardless (sumti FLC)
- irrespective (sumti FLC)
- no matter (sumti FLC)
- disregarding (sumti FLC)
Usage Examples
- .i .ia mi pu na'e sanji krici lo du'u se gu li'a mutce xamgu gi la'a na'e mutce zdile ja cinri
- I think I was unconsciously believing that, whether or not it was clearly very good, it probably wasn’t very amusing or interesting.
- .i gu srana gi to'e melbi
- It's relevant, whether or not it's ugly.
- lo nu do kakne lo nu ciksi bau la .lojban. cu se gu nandu gi se jgira ko
- Being able to explain it in Lojban should, whether or not it is difficult, make you feel pride.
cmavo: ge'i (GA)
Proposed Definition
The general FLC question: asks the listener to supply a FLC that makes the containing bridi true.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {gi}
- {preti}
- {cuxna}
Proposed Keywords
- or (general FLC, question)
Usage Examples
Note that "or" doesn't really capture the Lojban very well, because any FLC
is legal here, but it's about the best we can do.
- do zanru ge'i lo du'u na pinka gi lo mi gunka stuzi
- Do you approve of me not commenting or of my workplace?
- doi .timos. la .xongcun. cu ge'i du le de'u pendo be do gi jimpe fi dei
- Tim, is xongcun the friend of yours you just mentioned or capable of understanding this?
- la cizra ge'i cizra gi ninmu
- Is Cizra strange or a woman?
cmavo: gi'a (SELMAHO)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- or (bridi-tail ALC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (bridi-tail ALC)
- and/or (bridi-tail ALC)
Usage Examples
- ko zifre ba'e gi'a morsi
- Be free or die! Or both!
- mu'a fi ko cfika gi'a pemci
- For example, you should write fiction or poetry, or both.
- doi azet do mutce bebna gi'a xalbo tavla
- Azet, you are very foolish or speak amusingly, or both.
cmavo: gi'e (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- and (sumti ALC)
- but (sumti ALC)
- both (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
- baziku la alis mo'ine'i jersi ry gi'e noroi pensi le du'u ta'iba'e makau abu ba za'ure'u bartu
- Shortly, Alice chased R inside, and never thought about how she would get out again.
- mi sanli gi'e cortu lo xadni trixe
- I stand and feel pain in the back of my body.
- le i'u dargu cu clani gi'e jai nandu
- The familiar road is long and difficult.
cmavo: gi'o (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- if and only if (bridi-tail ALC)
- iff (bridi-tail ALC)
- both or neither (bridi-tail ALC)
Usage Examples
;fasnu gi'o pixra;Pics or it didn't happen.
- ro da danlu gi'o se cidja
- Everything is an animal and everything is edible, or neither.
- mi rivbi tu'a le glibau gi'o tavla lo jbopre
- I avoid English and I talk to Lojbanists, or neither.
cmavo cluster: gi'o nai (GIhA*)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
- {gi'i}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
- pe'a le merko ca blanu gi'o nai xunre
- Speaking figuratively, an American is now either Red or Blue.
- .e'u nai sai zgana gi'o nai gunka
- Careful! Observation or work, not both.
- sipna gi'onai mrobi'o co'o
- Sleep or death. Bye!
cmavo: gi'u (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
A bridi-tail ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected bridi tails.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'i}
Proposed Keywords
- whether (sumti FLC)
- whether or not (sumti FLC)
- both or neither (sumti FLC)
- regardless (sumti FLC)
- disregardless (sumti FLC)
- irrespective (sumti FLC)
- no matter (sumti FLC)
- disregarding (sumti FLC)
Usage Examples
- se jimpe gi'u drani
- That's comprehensible, whether or not it's correct.
- zo je zmadu zo .e le ka xamgu gi'u gendra
- "je" is better than ".e", whether or not "je" is grammatically correct.
- do skicu gi'u sanji vau la .samxarmuj.
- You are describing samxarmuj, whether or not you're aware of samxarmuj's existence.
cmavo: gi'i (GIhA)
Proposed Definition
The bridi-tail ALC question: asks the listener to supply a bridi-tail ALC that makes the containing bridi true.
See Also
- {gi'a}
- {gi'e}
- {gi'o}
- {gi'u}
Proposed Keywords
- or (bridi-tail ALC, question)
Usage Examples
- pe'u doi ninmu ti nuzlo gi'i sralo
- Please, miss, is this New Zealand or Australia?
- do djica lo nu ba tavla la .deivid. gi'i ca tavla lo drata
- Do you want to talk to David later or someone else now?
- do speni gi'i se panzi
- Are you married or a parent?
cmavo: gu'a (GUhA)
Proposed Definition
A tanru FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {gu'e}
- {gu'o}
- {gu'u}
- {gu'i}
Proposed Keywords
- or (tanru FLC, inclusive)
- inclusive or (tanru FLC)
- and/or (tanru FLC)
Usage Examples
The only usage in the wild we could find:
- .a'o la .nukis. gu'a nai troci gi na'e snada lo nu fanva di'u
- I hope that nukis either does not try or other-than-succeeds at translating that.
Artifical example:
- mi gu'a jukpa gi citka lo sanmi
- I either cook or eat the meal or both.
cmavo: gu'e (GUhA)
Proposed Definition
A tanru FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {gu'a}
- {gu'o}
- {gu'u}
- {gu'i}
Proposed Keywords
- and (tanru FLC)
- but (tanru FLC)
- both (tanru FLC)
Usage Examples
- .ie gu'e smuni gi nai gerna dunli
- I agree, meaningful but not grammatically equivalent.
- mi gu'e jmive gi xabju
- I both live and dwell somewhere.
cmavo: gu'o (GUhA)
Proposed Definition
A tanru FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {gu'a}
- {gu'e}
- {gu'u}
- {gu'i}
Proposed Keywords
- if and only if (sumti ALC)
- iff (sumti ALC)
- both or neither (sumti ALC)
Usage Examples
Artificial Example:
- .i mi gu'o sanga gi cavlu'i
- "I sing only when I'm showering."
cmavo cluster: gu'o nai (GUhA*)
Proposed Definition
A tanru FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {gu'a}
- {gu'e}
- {gu'o}
- {gu'u}
- {gu'i}
- {nai}
Proposed Keywords
- exclusive or (sumti ALC)
- or (sumti ALC, exclusive)
Usage Examples
None found. If you really care, make some up.
cmavo: gu'u (SELMAHO)
Proposed Definition
A tanru FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of the connected phrases.
See Also
- {gu'a}
- {gu'e}
- {gu'o}
- {gu'i}
Proposed Keywords
- whether (sumti connective)
- whether or not (sumti connective)
- both or neither (sumti connective)
- regardless (sumti connective)
- disregardless (sumti connective)
- irrespective (sumti connective)
- no matter (sumti connective)
- disregarding (sumti connective)
Usage Examples
None found. If you really care, make some up.
cmavo: gu'i (GUhA)
Proposed Definition
The tanru FLC question: asks the listener to supply a tanru FLC that makes the containing bridi true.
See Also
- {gu'a}
- {gu'e}
- {gu'o}
- {gu'u}
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
None found. If you really care, make some up.
cmavo: gi (GI)
Proposed Definition
Seperates the first from the second clause in a general FLC construct.
Converts a non-logical connective into a coordinating conjunction.
See Also
- {ga}
- {ge}
- {go}
- {gu}
- {ge'i}
Proposed Keywords
None; there's nothing like this in English except maybe comma.
Someone suggested:
- coordinating, connective, conjunction, medial
but but those are mentions, not uses; that is: no-one is going to look up "medial" in a dictionary and be happy that they found "gi", since it doesn't mean "medial", or anything like it.
Usage Examples
- ge nai lo xanto gi nai lo smacu cu xunryblabi
- Neither an elephant nor a mouse is pink.
- ganai mi gunka lo valsi gi mi zmanei la rubis.
- If I'm working on words, then I prefer Ruby. (Discussion on programming languages)
- mi ge cliva gi .ai xrukla
- I'm leaving, and I intend to come back.
- .i ku'i pu za tavla fi joi gi lo skina gi lo skami
- But were talking about both movies and computers
Notes
- "coordinating conjunction"? Is that correct? What doet that mean?
Proposed Definition of .ija
- .ija (JA*)
- sentence or — logical connective: sentence afterthought or --
Examples of .ija Usage
Proposed Definition of .ije
- .ije (JA*)
- sentence and — logical connective: sentence afterthought and --
Examples of .ije Usage
Proposed Definition of .ije'i
- .ije'i (JA*)
- sentence conn ? — logical connective: sentence afterthought conn question --
Examples of .ije'i Usage
Proposed Definition of .ijo
- .ijo (JA*)
- sentence iff — logical connective: sentence afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --
Examples of .ijo Usage
Proposed Definition of .iju
- .iju (JA*)
- sentence whether — logical connective: sentence afterthought whether-or-not --
Examples of .iju Usage
Proposed Definition of ja
- ja (JA)
- tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or --
Examples of ja Usage
Proposed Definition of jai
- jai (JAI)
- modal conversion — convert tense/modal (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra FA place (fai) --
Examples of jai Usage
Proposed Definition of je
- je (JA)
- tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and --
Examples of je Usage
Proposed Definition of je'i
- je'i (JA)
- tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought conn question --
Examples of je'i Usage
Proposed Definition of jo
- jo (JA)
- tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --
Examples of jo Usage
Proposed Definition of ju
- ju (JA)
- tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought whether-or-not --
Examples of ju Usage
These are words that might be used pedagogically to mark these word types per http://teddyb.org/robin/Documentation+Standards+For+Lojban.
- (sumti/bridi-tail/general) afterthought logical connective, which we're just calling ALC
- We might want to come up with something better than "bridi-tail" there.
- needs a Lojban equivalent?
- (tanru/general) forethought logical connective (FLC)
- needs a Lojban equivalent?
Notes
- Unlimited forethought connection would be really nice. This would need a new cmavo something like {bei}, for all but the last connection. So {ge ko'a gi ko'e} is unchanged, but {ge ko'a gi'oi ko'e gi ko'i} means the same as {ko'a .e ko'e .e ko'i}. {gi} marks "this is the last branch of the next-outer-most FLC".
- < ksion> Plus probably a terminator in case you forgot saying {gi} before the last argument. < ksion> (That's mostly for speech convienience though).
- Since all LC are theoretically syntactic sugar for {.i JA}, how to GOhA interact with them?
- Example: {ko'a brode gi'e broda} — what's {go'i} after that? {ko'a broda}? Or {ko'a brode gi'e broda} whatever that means as single bridi.
- Also {vo'A}. What does {ko'a broda ko'e gi'e brode ko'i vo'e} mean? Does {vo'e} refer to {ko'e} or {ko'i}?
- In most cases it probably should be "refers to the bridi it itself is embedded in".
- What is the meaning of SE + logical connective, when the SE is something other than {se}?
- There are gismu equivalents of A and E, but not O and U. This seems unfortunate. Does {nibli} count as an equiv of O?
- Speaking of which, what do {kanxe} and {vlina} actually mean? Is {le kanxe be ko'a bei ko'e cu broda} semantically equivalent to {ko'a .e ko'e cu broda}? If not, what *is* it semantically equivalent to?
- Yet another use/mention problem in the gismu. How many does that make?
- ksion in #lojban suggests: {la'e lu ko'a broda .ije ko'a brode li'u cu kanxe lo du'u ko'a broda kei lo du'u ko'a brode}, which is horrible; I (camgusmis) would rather redefine than be stuck with shit like that.
- {i lo du'u ge broda gi brode cu kanxe lo du'u broda kei lo du'u brode} from dbrock; same thing
- xorxes had a proposal that replaces all the logical connectives with JA, which is rather impressive. See http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/131b44ba66d8a108/bac4b378caafbdeb
Impact