History: BPFK Section: gadri

Source of version: 34

Version

!Proposed definitions<br />
<br />
;__lo__: Generic article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression refers generically to any individual or group that fits as the first argument of the selbri. An outer quantifier can be used to quantify over instances of the generic individual or, if an explicit inner quantifier is given, over instances of a group. An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the group. When an outer quantifier is used without an inner quantifier, lo can be omitted.<br />
   ei lo verba cu mutce fraxu lo makcu prenu<br />
   ''Children should show great forbearance'' <br />
   ''toward grown-up people.''<br />
<br />
   ku'i uinai mi na viska lo lanme pa'o lo bitmu be fo<br />
   lo tanxe i ju'ocu'i mi milxe simsa lo makcu prenu<br />
   ''But I, alas, do not see sheep through the walls of'' <br />
   ''boxes. Perhaps I am a little like the grown-ups.''<br />
<br />
   ca lo nicte lo cinfo cu kalte lo cidja<br />
   ''At night lions hunt for food.'' <br />
<br />
   lo pa pixra cu se vamji lo ki'o valsi<br />
   ''One picture is worth a thousand words.''<br />
<br />
   de'i li 1960 lo pare sovda cu fepni li 42<br />
   ''In 1960 a dozen eggs cost 42 cents.''<br />
<br />
   cimai lo ctuca cu fendi lo selctu mu lo vo tadni<br />
   ''Step 3: The teacher will divide the class''<br />
   ''into five groups of four students.'' <br />
<br />
   lo bidjylinsi pe lo ze seldri cu se pagbu <br />
   ze lo ze bidju e ji'a ci bidju e lo kucysni<br />
   ''The Rosary of the Seven Sorrows consists of seven groups''<br />
   ''of seven beads, with three additional beads and a Crucifix.''<br />
<br />
   o'i mu (lo) xagji sofybakni cu zvati le purdi<br />
   ''Caution! There are five hungry Soviet cows in the garden.''<br />
<br />
   lo sanli darxi bo dakli cu culno lo djacu onai lo canre to lo djacu <br />
   cu pukmau ki'u lo nu slilu tolcando toi gi'e bunda li ji'i 270 <br />
   ''Standing punching bags are filled with water or sand - water'' <br />
   ''being preferable because of the wave-motion created - and'' <br />
   ''weigh about 270lbs.''<br />
<br />
   lo pavyseljirna cu ranmi danlu gi'e simlu lo ka ge <br />
   ce'u xirma gi lo pa jirna cu cpana lo mebri be ce'u<br />
   ''Unicorns are mythical creatures that look like a horse'' <br />
   ''with a horn coming out of their foreheads.''<br />
<br />
;__le__: Specific article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression refers specifically to an individual or group that the speaker has in mind and which the speaker describes as fitting the first argument of the selbri. An outer quantifier can be used to quantify over members of the group. An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the group.<br />
   le palta ba'o porpi i ma gasnu i xu le gerku cu go'i<br />
   ''The dish is broken. Who did it? Was it the dog?''<br />
<br />
   ko punji le sicni lo porsi be lo vamrai bi'o lo vamtolrai <br />
   ''Put the coins in order from greatest to least value.''<br />
<br />
   ci le bi ctuca cu ninmu<br />
   ''Three of the eight teachers are women.''<br />
<br />
   le va ninmu cu mutce melbi iku'i ca'a nanmu gi'e nelci lo nu ninmu dasni<br />
   ''That woman is very beautiful, but she's actually a man who likes to'' <br />
   ''dress as a woman.''<br />
<br />
;__la__: Name article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, or a cmevla into a sumti. The resulting expression refers specifically to an individual or group that the speaker has in mind and which the speaker names with the selbri or cmevla. An outer quantifier can be used to quantify over members of the group. An inner quantifier can be used in the case of a selbri as part of the name.<br />
   ma'i la midju terdi la sadam na sai me la sauron<br />
   ''In Middle Earth-terms, Saddam is by no means a 'Sauron'.''<br />
<br />
   la ci bakni po'u lo gusta pe la kaiapois cu mutce zabna <br />
   ge lo vanbi gi lo cidja<br />
   ''The Three Cows Restaurant in Kaiapoi is a wonderful place,''<br />
   ''both atmosphere and food-wise.''<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
;__lo'i__: Generic set article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression refers to a generic set of individuals that fit the first argument of the selbri. An outer quantifier can be used to quantify over instances of such sets. An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the sets.<br />
  ma cnano lo ka makau junta ce'u kei lo'i cifnu poi cazi jbena <br />
  ''What is the normal weight of a baby at childbirth?'' <br />
<br />
;__le'i__: Specific set article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression refers specifically to the set of all individuals that the speaker has in mind and which the speaker describes with the selbri. An outer quantifier can be used to indicate a subset of that cardinality (possibly as a fraction of the cardinality of the set). An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the set.<br />
  ro le verba pu cuxna pa karda le'i cnita selcra<br />
  ''Each child chose a card from the face-down collection.''<br />
<br />
;__la'i__: Name set article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, or a cmevla into a sumti. The resulting expression refers specifically to the set of all individuals that the speaker has in mind and which the speaker names with the selbri or cmevla. An outer quantifier can be used to indicate a subset of that cardinality (possibly as a fraction of the cardinality of the set). An inner quantifier can be used in the case of a selbri to indicate the cardinality of the set.<br />
  doi turni do so'i da na fadni la'i kenedis ma'i lo jecra'a<br />
  ''Governor, in many respects, you're not a typical Kennedy politically.''<br />
<br />
;__loi__: Generic mass article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression refers to a group of individuals that fit the first argument of the selbri and which satisfy the predicate for which the sumti is an argument collectively. An outer quantifier can be used to indicate a subgroup of that cardinality (possibly as a fraction of the cardinality of the group). An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the group.<br />
  loi litru ti jmaji lo ro pagbu be le terdi <br />
  ''Tourists gather here from all over the world.'' <br />
<br />
;__lei__: Specific mass article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression refers specifically to a group of individuals that  the speaker has in mind and which the speaker describes with the selbri. An outer quantifier can be used to indicate a subgroup of that cardinality (possibly as a fraction of the cardinality of the group). An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the group.<br />
  lei brazo cu jinga fi lei dotco la kabri<br />
  ''The Brazilians beat the Germans for the Cup.''<br />
<br />
;__lai__: Name mass article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, or a cmevla into a sumti. The resulting expression refers specifically to a group of individuals that  the speaker has in mind and which the speaker names with the selbri or cmevla. An outer quantifier can be used to indicate a subgroup of that cardinality (possibly as a fraction of the cardinality of the group). An inner quantifier can be used in the case of a selbri to indicate the cardinality of the group.<br />
  ta melbi pixra lai simpson<br />
  ''That's a nice photograph of the Simpsons.''<br />
<br />
;__lo'e__: Typical article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression indicates that the individuals or groups that satisfy the selbri typically also satisfy the predicate for which the sumti is an argument. An outer quantifier does not have a clear meaning with this gadri. An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the group. <br />
  lo'e glipre cu xabju le fi'ortu'a na.e le gligugde<br />
  ''The typical English person dwells not in Africa but in England.''<br />
<br />
;__le'e__: Stereotypical article. It converts a selbri, selecting its first argument, into a sumti. The resulting expression indicates that the individuals or groups that the speaker describes with the selbri typically satisfy, from the point of view of the speaker, the predicate for which the sumti is an argument. An outer quantifier does not have a clear meaning with this gadri. An inner quantifier can be used to indicate the cardinality of the group.<br />
  le'e xelso merko cu gusta ponse<br />
  ''Lots of Greek-Americans own restaurants.'' <br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
!!Notes<br />
<br />
* The only significant change from the traditional prescription is in the interpretation of the inner quantifier for ''lo''. This does not introduce any negative impact on usage because an explicit inner quantifier as the cardinality of the whole set of existing broda is hardly ever usable.<br />
<br />
* Default quantifiers are abolished from these definitions, so that the expressions without an explicit outer quantifier are constants, i.e. they are not quantified expressions. This means, for example, that changing the order in which the constant term appears with respect to a negation or with respect to a quantified term will not change the meaning of the sentence. A constant is something that always keeps the same referent. {lo broda} always refers to brodas. In {mu da poi broda zo'u da brode}, "da" is a variable, because it takes values from the set of all things that broda. Anything with a quantifier in front takes values from the set of things over which the quantifier runs. <br />
<br />
* CLL says about default quantifiers: ^''There are rules for each of the 11 descriptors specifying what the implicit values for the inner and outer quantifiers are. They are meant to provide sensible default values when context is absent, not necessarily to prescribe hard and fast rules. The following table lists the implicit values:'' ^The proposed definitions take the view that the most sensible default value when no explicit quantification is given is no quantification at all.  <br />
<br />
* To refer to substances, lo/le/la without any quantifier are appropriate. The number {tu'o} could be used as inner quantifier to emphasize that no cardinality applies. <br />
    le nanmu cu se snuti ija'ebo lo tu'o gerku cu kuspe le klaji<br />
    ''The guy had an accident and there was dog all over the road.''<br />
<br />
* A substance can also be seen as made up of component parts, and this can even be true in a physical sense: the water in a puddle of rain got there drop by drop.  If you look from far enough away, you can't tell whether the "sailor all over the deck" is literally goo, or just an aggregation of sailors standing still.<br />
<br />
*The examples for lo'e and le'e were taken from CLL.<br />
<br />
*It has been proposed that __lo'e se__ with the word for a kind of organism refers to the taxon containing all members of the kind and no others, if that exists. So ''lo'e se guzme'' means the family Cucurbitaceae, while ''lo se guzme'' can be Cucumis, Sicyos, Luffa, or any of several others. ''lo'e se jesymabru'', however, has no clear meaning, as ''jesymabru'' can refer to both spiny anteaters and hedgehogs.<br />
<br />
<br />
!!Impact<br />
<br />
* Positive impact: Some usages that make little sense with {lo} = {su'o} become validated. Examples:<br />
<br />
  bilga lenu jdice lenu roroi pilno __lo__ mokla tirxe<br />
  (to zoigy. velar gy. toi) jonai crane (to zoigy. <br />
  alveolar gy. toi)<br />
((tavla fi le tutra pe le terdi)) <br />
<br />
  le cmana __lo__ cidja ba claxu<br />
  ''In the mountains there is no food.''<br />
((lapoi pelxu ku'o trajynobli))<br />
<br />
  le dargu pe __lo__ xamgu bangu cu kargu<br />
  ''The road of the good language is costly.''<br />
((lapoi pelxu ku'o trajynobli))<br />
<br />
  la jyryr. tolkien. cu te cukta la djine turni (to la'o <br />
  gy Lord of the Rings gy toi) .e le so'omoi be __lo__ <br />
  xanri munje lisri ca le lampru na'acto<br />
((tenguar)) <br />
<br />
* Negative impact: None that I can detect. It is conceivable that some usages become more vague than intended if the default quantifiers played an important role in some expression, but it is hard to determine. If someone finds examples where this happens please report them.<br />
<br />
{MODULE(module=>BPFK Poll: gadri)}BPFK Poll: gadri{MODULE}

History

Advanced

Legend: v=view , s=source

Date	User	IP	Edit Comment	Version	Action
Tue 26 of Aug., 2014 03:58 GMT	guskant	218.33.186.112		95 Current	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 20:10 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Finishing templating.	94	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 20:01 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Formatting	93	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 20:00 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Formatting	92	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:57 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Formatting.	91	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:54 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Minor formatting.	90	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:52 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Template	89	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:49 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Adding a keyword.	88	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:47 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Adding a word link.	87	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:46 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Adding a word link.	86	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:45 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Template	85	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:41 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Template and formatting (work in progress).	84	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:35 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Template and formatting (first part).	83	v s
Thu 21 of Aug., 2014 19:27 GMT	Ilmen	95.210.209.219	Adding box formatting.	82	v s
Sun 08 of June, 2014 19:12 GMT	mukti	216.194.27.154		81	v s
Sat 10 of Dec., 2011 02:16 GMT	xorxes	190.30.204.3		80	v s
Tue 14 of June, 2011 04:21 GMT	admin	173.13.139.233		79	v s
Mon 22 of Nov., 2010 21:57 GMT	lindarthebard	166.191.229.2		78	v s
Mon 25 of Oct., 2010 11:26 GMT	lindarthebard	32.174.186.199		77	v s
Sat 16 of Oct., 2010 23:18 GMT	lindarthebard	32.175.213.43		76	v s
Tue 14 of Dec., 2004 15:15 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		75	v s
Tue 09 of Nov., 2004 23:28 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.29		74	v s
Fri 08 of Oct., 2004 15:54 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		73	v s
Tue 14 of Sep., 2004 15:20 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		72	v s
Mon 13 of Sep., 2004 18:31 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		71	v s
Mon 13 of Sep., 2004 13:25 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		70	v s
Sat 11 of Sep., 2004 21:54 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.154		69	v s
Sat 11 of Sep., 2004 21:09 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.154		68	v s
Mon 30 of Aug., 2004 14:12 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		67	v s
Mon 16 of Aug., 2004 18:52 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.156		66	v s
Wed 11 of Aug., 2004 20:54 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		65	v s
Tue 10 of Aug., 2004 20:32 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		64	v s
Tue 10 of Aug., 2004 14:24 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		63	v s
Mon 09 of Aug., 2004 23:27 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.177		62	v s
Sat 07 of Aug., 2004 04:02 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.219		61	v s
Fri 25 of June, 2004 23:05 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.40		60	v s
Wed 23 of June, 2004 21:11 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		59	v s
Wed 23 of June, 2004 19:17 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		58	v s
Wed 23 of June, 2004 19:14 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		57	v s
Wed 16 of June, 2004 01:58 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.26		56	v s
Mon 14 of June, 2004 22:52 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.59		55	v s
Sat 12 of June, 2004 21:50 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.191		54	v s
Sat 12 of June, 2004 20:45 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.191		52	v s
Thu 10 of June, 2004 23:17 GMT	xorxes	200.43.74.49		50	v s
Tue 08 of June, 2004 18:08 GMT	Eimi	128.252.21.253	Spelling fix	38	v s
Mon 07 of June, 2004 19:17 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		35	v s
Mon 07 of June, 2004 18:38 GMT	xorxes	200.49.74.2		34	v s
Mon 07 of June, 2004 01:20 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.249		33	v s
Mon 07 of June, 2004 00:15 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.7		32	v s
Sun 06 of June, 2004 22:53 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.7		31	v s
Sat 05 of June, 2004 22:04 GMT	xorxes	200.43.213.200		27	v s

Page: 1/2

1 2

Enable pagination per page

SourceHistory

History: BPFK Section: gadri

Source of version: 34

History

Sidebar

Search Lojban Resources