Proposed Definitions and Examples

cmavo: .a (A)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected sumti.

See Also

• {.e}
• {.o}
• {.u}
• {ji}
• {vlina}

Proposed Keywords

• or (sumti ALC, inclusive)
• inclusive or (sumti ALC)
• and/or (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

.i ju'o la .alis. .a la .bab. djuno

I’m sure Alice or Bob knows.

.i mi na ponse lo jdini .a lo kacma

I have neither money nor a camera.

cmavo: .e (A)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for each of the connected sumti.

See Also

• {.a}
• {.o}
• {.u}
• {ji}
• {kanxe}

Proposed Keywords

• and (sumti ALC)
• but (sumti ALC)
• both (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

.i makfa do .e nai mi

Magic to you but not to me.

cmavo: .o (A)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for both or neither of the connected sumti.

See Also

• {.a}
• {.e}
• {.u}
• {ji}

Proposed Keywords:

• if and only if (sumti ALC)
• iff (sumti ALC)
• both or neither (sumti ALC)

Usage Examples

.i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .o lo finpe

I want chicken if and only if I want fish. (This might be implied in English anyway using "if" instead of "if and only if")

.i mi .o la .alis. salci

Alice and I will both celebrate, or neither of us will.

cmavo cluster: .o nai (A*)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for exactly one of the connected sumti.

See Also

• {.a}
• {.e}
• {.o}
• {.u}
• {ji}
• {nai}

Proposed Keywords:

• exclusive or (sumti ALC)
• or (sumti ALC, exclusive)

Usage Examples

FIXME:

cmavo: .u (A)

Proposed Definition

A sumti ALC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for the first of connected sumti.

See Also

• {.a}
• {.e}
• {.o}
• {ji}

Proposed Keywords:

• whether (sumti connective)
• whether or not (sumti connective)
• both or neither (sumti connective)
• regardless (sumti connective)
• disregardless (sumti connective)
• irrespective (sumti connective)
• no matter (sumti connective)
• disregarding (sumti connective)

Usage Examples

mi citka lo cirla .u lo nanba

I eat chese whether or not I eat bread.

fanza mi u do

That annoys me whether or not it annoys you.

mi nelci la jbovlaste se .u nai la .noraluj.

I like jbovlaste, or I like neither jbovlaste nor noralujv.

.i mi djica tu'a lo jipci .u lo finpe

I want chicken whether or not I want the fish.

cmavo: ji (A)

Proposed Definition

Sumti ALC question.

See Also

• {.a}
• {.e}
• {.o}
• {.u}
• {preti}
• {cuxna}

Proposed Keywords

• or (sumti ALC, question)

Usage Examples

.i do pinxe lo ckafi ji lo tcati .i na .e

Are you drinking coffee or tea? — The latter.

.i doi .bancus. pau le cmene be do cu srana lo'u ban cus le'u ji zo bancu

Bancus, is your name related to “ban cus” or to “bancu”?

cmavo: ga (GA)

Proposed Definition

A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected phrases.

See Also

FIXME: remove ga here

• {ga}
• {ge}
• {go}
• {gu}
• {ge'i}
• {vlina}

Proposed Keywords

• or (general FLC, inclusive)
• inclusive or (general FLC)
• and/or (general FLC)

Usage Examples

FIXME:

cmavo: ge (GA)

Proposed Definition

A general FLC such that the containing bridi is true if and only if it is true for at least one of the connected phrases.

See Also

• {ga}
• {go}
• {gu}
• {ge'i}
• {kanxe}

Proposed Keywords

• and (general ALC)
• but (general ALC)
• both (general ALC)

Usage Examples

FIXME:

Proposed Definition of go

go (GA)

fore iff — logical connective: forethought all but tanru internal biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if(with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of go Usage

Proposed Definition of gu

gu (GA)

fore whether — logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal whether-or-not (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of gu Usage

Proposed Definition of ge'i

ge'i (GA)

fore conn ? — logical connective: forethought all but tanru-internal connective question (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of ge'i Usage

Proposed Definition of gi'a

gi'a (GIhA)

bridi or — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought or --

• Keywords:

Examples of gi'a Usage

Proposed Definition of gi'e

gi'e (GIhA)

bridi and — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought and --

• Keywords:

Examples of gi'e Usage

Proposed Definition of gi'i

gi'i (GIhA)

bridi conn ? — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought conn question --

• Keywords:

Examples of gi'i Usage

Proposed Definition of gi'o

gi'o (GIhA)

bridi iff — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --

• Keywords:

Examples of gi'o Usage

Proposed Definition of gi'u

gi'u (GIhA)

bridi whether — logical connective: bridi-tail afterthought whether-or-not --

• Keywords:

Examples of gi'u Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'a

gu'a (GUhA)

fore tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought or (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of gu'a Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'e

gu'e (GUhA)

fore tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought and (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of gu'e Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'i

gu'i (GUhA)

fore tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought question (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of gu'i Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'o

gu'o (GUhA)

fore tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of gu'o Usage

Proposed Definition of gu'u

gu'u (GUhA)

fore tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal forethought whether-or-not (with gi) --

• Keywords:

Examples of gu'u Usage

Proposed Definition of gi

;gi (GI):
1. Introduces the second clause or phrase, which can be anything but tanru-internal, connected by a coordinating conjunction.
2. Converts a non-logical conjunction into a coordinating conjunction.

• Keywords: coordinating, connective, conjunction, medial

Examples of gi Usage

ge nai lo xanto gi nai lo smacu cu xunryblabi
Neither an elephant nor a mouse is pink.

ganai mi gunka lo valsi gi mi zmanei la rubis.
If I'm working on words, then I prefer Ruby. (Discussion on programming languages)

mi ge cliva gi .ai xrukla
I'm leaving, and I intend to come back.

joigi la esperantos gi la idos
both Esperanto and Ido together

.i ku'i pu za tavla fi joi gi lo skina gi lo skami
but were talking about both movies and computers

Proposed Definition of .ija

.ija (JA*)

sentence or — logical connective: sentence afterthought or --

• Keywords:

Examples of .ija Usage

Proposed Definition of .ije

.ije (JA*)

sentence and — logical connective: sentence afterthought and --

• Keywords:

Examples of .ije Usage

Proposed Definition of .ije'i

.ije'i (JA*)

sentence conn ? — logical connective: sentence afterthought conn question --

• Keywords:

Examples of .ije'i Usage

Proposed Definition of .ijo

.ijo (JA*)

sentence iff — logical connective: sentence afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --

• Keywords:

Examples of .ijo Usage

Proposed Definition of .iju

.iju (JA*)

sentence whether — logical connective: sentence afterthought whether-or-not --

• Keywords:

Examples of .iju Usage

Proposed Definition of ja

ja (JA)

tanru or — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or --

• Keywords:

Examples of ja Usage

Proposed Definition of jai

jai (JAI)

modal conversion — convert tense/modal (tagged) place to 1st place; 1st place moves to extra FA place (fai) --

• Keywords:

Examples of jai Usage

Proposed Definition of je

je (JA)

tanru and — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and --

• Keywords:

Examples of je Usage

Proposed Definition of je'i

je'i (JA)

tanru conn ? — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought conn question --

• Keywords:

Examples of je'i Usage

Proposed Definition of jo

jo (JA)

tanru iff — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought biconditional/iff/if-and-only-if --

• Keywords:

Examples of jo Usage

Proposed Definition of ju

ju (JA)

tanru whether — logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought whether-or-not --

• Keywords:

Examples of ju Usage

Proposed Tags

These are words that might be used pedagogically to mark these word types per Robin's documentation ideas.

• (sumti/bridi-tail/general) afterthought logical connective, which we're just calling ALC
  • needs a Lojban equivalent?
• (tanru/general) forethought logical connective (FLC)
  • needs a Lojban equivalent?

Notes

• Unlimited forethought connection would be really nice. This would need a new cmavo something like {bei}, for all but the last connection. So {ge ko'a gi ko'e} is unchanged, but {ge ko'a gi'oi ko'e gi ko'i} means the same as {ko'a .e ko'e .e ko'i}. {gi} marks "this is the last branch of the next-outer-most FLC".
  • < ksion> Plus probably a terminator in case you forgot saying {gi} before the last argument. < ksion> (That's mostly for speech convienience though).
• There are gismu equivalents of A and E, but not O and U. This seems unfortunate. Does {nibli} count as an equiv of O?
• Speaking of which, what do {kanxe} and {vlina} actually mean? Is {le kanxe be ko'a bei ko'e cu broda} semantically equivalent to {ko'a .e ko'e cu broda}? If not, what *is* it semantically equivalent to?
  • Yet another use/mention problem in the gismu. How many does that make?
  • ksion in #lojban suggests: {la'e lu ko'a broda .ije ko'a brode li'u cu kanxe lo du'u ko'a broda kei lo du'u ko'a brode}, which is horrible; I (camgusmis) would rather redefine than be stuck with shit like that.
  • {i lo du'u ge broda gi brode cu kanxe lo du'u broda kei lo du'u brode} from dbrock; same thing

Impact