Perfect aspect. It indicates that a situation is over, no longer taking place. When tagging a sumti, the sumti indicates an event concurrent with the aftermath of the situation. broda ba'o lo nu brode (approximately)== ba'o broda ca lo nu brode
Progressive/imperfective aspect. It indicates that a situation is in progress, ongoing. When tagging a sumti, the sumti indicates an event encompassed by the ongoing situation. It does not give the duration of the main event (ZEhAs do that), it only indicates that the main event completely overlaps another event. broda ca'o lo nu brode (approximately)== ca'o broda ca lo nu brode
Initiative aspect. It indicates that a situation is at its outset, just beginning. When tagging a sumti, the sumti indicates the starting point. broda co'a lo nu brode (approximately)== co'a broda ca lo nu brode
Punctual (perfective) aspect. It indicates that a situation takes place at one moment in time, without duration. When tagging a sumti, the sumti indicates the point in time when the situation occurs. broda co'i lo nu brode (approximately)== co'i broda ca lo nu brode
Cessative aspect. It indicates that a situation is at its termination, ending. In the case of a process, it may or may not be completed (cf. 'mo'u'). When tagging a sumti, the sumti indicates the ending point. broda co'u lo nu brode (approximately)== co'u broda ca lo nu brode
ja'e lo xlamau mi ze'a lo masti be li ji'ixa cu
de'a sai lumci lo mi flira fo lo mokau jisygau
To make things worse, I pretty much stopped washing
my face with any kind of cleanser for about six months.
mi sanji lo nu mi tavla de'a lo nu mi pensi la sam
Suddenly I was aware that I had ceased talking while
I had been thinking about Sam.
ta'e ji'ireroi ritli lo traji smaji pu lo
nu la garofalos di'a tavla lo vitke
There's usually a beat or two of deadly silence
before Garofalo resumes talking to the guest.
la skot cu se jibri di'a lo nu lo panzi be sy cu nanca li bi e li pano
Scott resumed her career when her children were eight and 10.
ro tcidu cu frica fi lo ka mo'u finti le lisri
Each reader completes the novel in a different way.
ko'a pluka citka ro stasu muclai e ro molylai pe le toknu
bo seljukpa je selpilka nanba mo'u lo nu va'ucmo
He savoured every spoonful of his soup and every mouthful
of the roast and crusty bread until he finished it with a sigh.
da'i le ninmu cu ponse le pano rijno sicni gi'e cirko pa ri i xu ny na
cikygau lo tergu'i gi'e lumci lo zdani gi'e junri sisku mo'u lo nu facki
Or suppose a woman has ten silver coins and loses one. Does she not
light a lamp, sweep the house and search carefully until she finds it?
le kulnu be lo pruxa'u natmi cu ze'u pu'o daspo canci
The culture of the indigenous peoples was for a long
time on the verge of being eradicated.
mi tolji'a lo samci'e nunkei pu'o lo nu mi cpacu lo norji'a pinka
I was about to lose a network game, when I got a Tiebreaker notice.
mi'o za'ure'u ru'u cadzu i mi'o ca lo nu le te batci
za'o se cortu cu co'a xanka
We walked around some more and when the bite
kept hurting, we began to worry.
la'e di'u rinka lo nu ko'a cikna za'o lo nu ko'a na'o sipna binxo
This kept her awake beyond the point where she really normally
would have fallen asleep.
la brest co'a se jibri ca lo cedra be lo nu lo clani lenjo cu jai zabna
tcaci i ku'i by ca'o pilno ly za'o lo nu ly co'u jai zantcaci
Brest started his career during an era when long lenses were all
the rage, but he's kept using them beyond the point where they
ceased to be fashionable.
Experimental ZAhO are not included in this page. See xa'o.
Past contention. Debate as to the interpretation under strange circumstance.
This and this. Debates on "the opposite of za'o".
More on xa'o.
Some of the names of the aspects are changed with respect to CLL, in an attempt to get closer to a more standard terminology:
The proposed use of ZAhO's as sumti tcita differs from the one given in CLL:
Likewise, we might say:
12.8) mi klama le zarci pu'o le nu mi citka
I go-to the store inchoative the event-of I eat
which indicates that before my eating begins, I go to the store, whereas
12.9) mi klama le zarci ba'o le nu mi citka
I go-to the store perfective the event-of I eat
would indicate that I go to the store after I am finished eating.
CLL also says: The interpretation of ZAhO tcita differs from that of FAhA, VA, PU, and ZI tcita, however. The event described in the sumti is viewed as a process, and the action of the main bridi occurs at the phase of the process which the ZAhO specifies, or at least some part of that phase. The action of the main bridi itself is seen as a point event, so that there is no issue about which phase of the main bridi is intended. That, however, is at odds with the usage found for co'a and co'u, which follows the usual pattern of all other tags and apply to the main selbri.
co'a lenu le cukta cu pagre cliva le viska mumkubli kei
da poi zvati lo darno kojna be le kumfa cu jai rink lenu
za'ure'u sanji le vanbi
As soon as the volume had gone below the line of sight,
something in an obscure corner of the room recalled
his attention to his surroundings.
From le nanmu kujo'u le since
mi xusra ledu'u ledi'e jetnu si'unai se jimpe .itu'e
ro remna cu jikydunli co'a lenu ri se zbasu
We hold these truths to be self-evident; that
all men are created equal.
From http://mlht.ffii.org/demo/pacnalb.html
.i le cribe noi nelci le pojma'a cu dukse leka tilju kei tu'a
le cripu .ije do ka'e xruti klama le zvati ba'o lenu mivgau
The bear (who likes the volcano) is too heavy for the bridge...
and you can go back to the scene after being resurrected.
From http://www.lojban.com/cgi-bin/twiki/view/Translations/MissingColossalCavesText?skin=print
le javni cu binxo lo ralju javni ba'o le nu so'e kelci cu te javni
fi le javni ca'o su'orevo cacra
From lo javni be fi la camgusmis
With the proposed sumti tcita usage those would have to be:
.i le cribe noi nelci le pojma'a cu dukse leka tilju kei tu'a
le cripu .ije do ka'e xruti klama le zvati ca lenu ba'o mivgau
le javni cu binxo lo ralju javni ca le nu so'e kelci ba'o te javni
fi le javni ca'o su'orevo cacra
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See http://www.lojban.org/phpbb/viewforum.php?f=71&sid=3498ae8683d101e92304524822f45c67 for some more data and discussion.
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