Proposed definitions
cmavo: .a'i (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express effort / endeavor / exertion / labor / pains / strife / toil.
See Also
- {troci}
- {gunka}
- {slunandu}
- {selprogunka}
- {fu'i nai}
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .a'i mi ze'a ba ralte
- I'm trying to hold it!
- .a'i mi ba gasnu lo nu do cikna binxo
- It'll be hard for me to wake you up.
cmavo: .a'i cu'i (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express effortlessness / ease / facility / no special effort
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .a'i cu'i ti frili
- Ah, this is easy.
cmavo: .a'i nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express repose / inaction / inactivity / passivity / lackadaisicalness / indolence
See Also
- {toltoi}
- {cando}
- {guksurla}
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .a'i nai cikre ta
- Nah, why bother fixing it.
cmavo: .ai (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express intent / intentionality / purpose / design
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .ai mi ze'e ba jmive
- 'I intend to live forever.
- .ai le mi cukta do sidju gi'e pacnygau
- I intend for my book to give you help and hope.
cmavo: .ai cu'i (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express indecision / hesitation / vacillation / wavering.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .ai cu'i mi ti ba te vecnu
- I don't know whether I'll purchase these or not.
cmavo: .ai nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express non-intent / unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .ai nai mi gunka ca le pavdei
- I'm not planning to work on Monday.
- .ai nai mi jmina lo valsi poi mi finti
- I don't mean to add words of my own devising.
- .ai nai do pu se xrani
- I didn't mean for you to get hurt.
cmavo: .au (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express desire / wish / yearning / aspiration.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .au lo tricu cu krati lo ro se genja gi'e sfasa lo kusru be gy
- Would that the trees might speak on behalf of all things that have roots, and punish those that wrong them!
cmavo: .au cu'i (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express indifference / apathy / disinterest.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .au cu'i makau jinga
- I don't really care who wins.
cmavo: .au nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express reluctance / averseness / disinclination.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .au nai mi cliva
- I'm reluctant to leave.
cmavo: .a'o (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express hope / longing.
See Also
Usage Examples
- .a'o le nobli cu gidva lo se zukte be mi
- Oh, that the Lord would guide my ways.
cmavo: .a'o nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express despair / hopelessness / dread / fear that a situation ensues.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .a'o nai ro da ca se cirko
- Everything will be lost now.
cmavo: .ei (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express obligation / how things ought to be.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .ei mi cliva co'o
- Gotta go now, bye!
- .ei le jatna cu ckeji
- The president ought to be ashamed.
- .ei do djuno
- You ought to know.
cmavo: .ei nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express freedom / lack of obligation / how things need not be.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .ei nai do tolnurcni
- You don't have to feel threatened.
cmavo: .e'a (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to permit / allow / grant permission / authorization / consent / license.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'a do tsebi'o
- You may sit down.
cmavo: .e'a nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to prohibit / forbid / deny permission / authorization / consent / license.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'a nai do ti stali
- You can't stay here.
cmavo: .e'e (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to exhort / incite / motivate / encourage / entreat / stimulate / challenge / dare / provoke / invite competition.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'e ko jarco lo se kakne be do
- Show them what you can do! Go for it!
- .e'e mi do bajra jivna fe'e co'u le karce
- I'll race you to the car!
cmavo: .e'e nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to discourage / intimidate / demoralize / deprecate / dampen / bridle / avoid / dodge / elude / duck / evade / back off / withdraw.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'e nai doi nelis
- Whoa, Nelly!
- .e'e nai mi bilga lo nu zukte lo drata
- Sorry, I have other things to do.
cmavo: .e'i (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to command / dictate / instruct / order / oblige / constrain / impose an obligation.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'i ko ta mi dunda
- Give that to me!
cmavo: .e'i nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to discharge / absolve / dismiss / exonerate / liberate / release / unbind / free of an obligation.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'i nai ko zukte lo se djica be do
- Do whatever you please!
cmavo: .e'o (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to make a request.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'o do dunda le silna mi
- Can you pass me the salt, please?
cmavo: .e'o nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to grant / cede / proffer / make an offer.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'o nai ko lebna lo titla
- Here, have some candy.
cmavo: .e'u (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to suggest / persuade / advise.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'u mi'o salci
- Let's party!
cmavo: .e'u nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to dissuade / warn / disadvise.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- .e'u nai do kargau le moklu
- You better not open your mouth.
cmavo: ia (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express belief / conviction / faith / certainty
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- ia lo cevni cu zasti
- Indeed God exists.
cmavo: ia cu'i (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express skepticism / doubt / agnosticism / uncertainty.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- ia cu'i lo cevni cu zasti
- Hmm ... God may or may not exist.
cmavo: ia nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express disbelief / incredulity / rejection
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- ia nai lo cevni cu zasti
- I don't believe God exists.
cmavo: ie (UI1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express agreement / concordance / accord / concurrence.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- ie ta melbi
- Yes, that's beautiful.
cmavo: ie nai (UI*1)
Proposed Definition
Attitudinal. Used to express disagreement / dissent / contention / difference / argument.
See Also
Proposed Keywords
Usage Examples
- ie nai go'i
- I disagree with that.
Notes
- The definitions of e'e and e'i are based on a very loose interpretation of some of the keywords, so that they fit the e-series, which in all other cases expresses the speaker's attitude towards the audience's bringing about some situation.
- ai nai changed from rejection / refusal (which is i'a nai) to unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.
- e'o nai "make an offer", instead of "negative request"?
- I have no idea what a "negative request" is. I do, however, see how "offer" is a negative of "request". - .aionys.
- e'u cu'i "abandon suggestion"?
- selpa'i uses {.ei} as "should" and {.e'i} as "must" (as in {.e'i mi'o denpa .i lo sorpeka pu'o zvati}), I (camgusmis) think that's pretty good. The {.e'e} here is obviously out of the question, and I think keeping something like "must" is worth it, too, and closer to what we have.
- That was long ago, I now prefer {.e'i} as proposed on this page, and I'm a big fan of the proposed {.e'e}.--selpa'i
Section Issues
- Recent discussions have brought up the question of whether a realis/irrealis dichotomy makes sense at all, or whether all bridi are implicitly semi-realis, with some attitudinals leading to stronger implications one way or the other. Public opinion seems to be in favor of removing the split. If so, the definitions may need to be tweaked to make this more clear. If not, then someone needs to speak up in defense of the split.
The realis/irrealis distinction has been rather hotly debated over the years. It is my ( Lindar ) opinion that the reality/irreality of the UI is dependent upon the reality/irreality of the jufra, and can be indicated with da'i/da'inai or some other kind of marker. This way ni'o .a'o mi klama can mean I hope I go. in one instance and I'm going, about which I feel hopeful. for another, rather than being restricted to one meaning.
Poll
BPFK Poll: Irrealis Attitudinals
BPFK Poll: Irrealis Attitudinals