cmavo: ca'a (CAhA)

Proposed Definition

Tense marker used to express events/conditions/etc. that are actually happening.

Proposed Tag

Tense marker for actuality.

See Also

• {ka'e}
• {nu'o}
• {ca}

Proposed Keywords

• actually
• currently
• really

Usage Examples

.i su'a lo na krici cu zasti .i'a .i ku'i mi bende cu ca'a gunka

"Well, there's certainly going to be those who doubt us, but our team is proving themselves through their work."

Notes

Meaning of {ca'a} used as sumtcita is unclear.

Issues

There are no knows issues with this cmavo.

cmavo: ka'e (CAhA)

Proposed Definition

Tense marker used to express innate capability for events/conditions/etc. to happen — regardless of those events/conditions/etc. actually taking place

Proposed Tag

Tense marker for innate capability.

See Also

• {kakne}
• {ca'a}
• {nu'o}

Proposed Keywords

• could
• capable of
• able to
• potentially

Usage Examples

.i do ka'e pilno lo tanru i ku'i na satci

"You can use tanru, but they're not precise."

Notes

Unlike {kakne}, {ka'e} expresses innate, potential capability, which doesn't have to be an actual, present capability. The difference is best illustrated by an example: birds (except for few species) can fly (lo cipni cu ka'e vofli) but among them there are some that cannot do so now (ti poi cipni na kakne lo zu'o vofli) due to being crippled, too young, confined in small cage, etc.

Proposed Definition of na'epu'i

na'epu'i (CAhA*)

has never — A modal aspect indicating an inability, or that something has never happened. (lit. "something other than a demonstrated ability")

• Keywords: "has never", "can't"

Examples of na'epu'i Usage

.i mi la lisp. nelci .i ku'i mi na'epu'i pu pilno ri

"I like lisp, but I have never previously used it."

Proposed Definition of nu'o

nu'o (CAhA)

can but has not — A modal aspect indicating capability but unrealised potential. (Similar to "ka'e" but indicating that the action indeed has not taken place.)

• Keywords: "could" "can but has not" "can but hasn't"

Examples of nu'o Usage

.i mi nu'o se darxi fo lo stedu

"I am capable of being, but have never been, struck on the head."

Proposed Definition of pu'i

pu'i (CAhA)

can and has — A modal aspect indicating capability through demonstration. (Similar to "ka'e" but indicating that the action indeed has taken place.)

• Keywords: "can and has", "did"

Examples of pu'i Usage

.i .uinai xu tu'a le midju donri ke smaji pu'i cfari

"The mid-day calm has started."

Notes

Why is only na'epu'i defined, but no other CAhA with to'e/na'e/na/nai? -lindar

Impact