History: zasni gerna

Source of version: 39 (current)

This is a version (not official) of the full grammar of Lojban. I intend to make many changes to it, some cosmetic, some not. Don't take the contents of this page too seriously for now. In ((zasni gerna cenba vreji)) I will try to keep a record of the changes as I make them. mi'e ((xorxes)) ; ****** GRAMMAR ****** text <- words-SU* SI-tail* post paragraphs FAhO#? paragraphs <- paragraph (NIhO# paragraph)* paragraph <- statement (I# statement)* statement <- statement-1 (I# joik statement-1)* statement-1 <- sentence (I# joik? tag? BO# sentence)* sentence <- (term+ CU#?)? bridi-tail / TUhE# paragraphs TUhU#? / gek sentence GI# sentence / term+ ZOhU# sentence / term* VAU#? bridi-tail <- bridi-tail-1 (gihek bridi-tail-1 term* VAU#?)* bridi-tail-1 <- bridi-tail-2 (gihek tag? BO# bridi-tail-2 term* VAU#?)* bridi-tail-2 <- selbri term* VAU#? / (tag / NA#)* gek bridi-tail GI# bridi-tail term* VAU#? term <- FA#? sumti / tag? sumti / FA# KU#? / tag !selbri KU#? / NA# KU#? / gek term+ VAU#? GI# term+ VAU#? sumti <- sumti-1 (joik sumti-1)* (VUhO# rels)? sumti-1 <- sumti-2 (joik tag? BO# sumti-2)* sumti-2 <- quantifier? bare-sumti / quantifier selbri KU#? rels? / gek sumti GI# sumti bare-sumti <- (description / LI# mex LOhO#? / ZO-word# / LU# paragraphs LIhU#? / LOhU-words-LEhU# / ZOI-anything# / KOhA# / !tag !selbri lerfu+ BOI#? / !tag !selbri (LAhE# / NAhE# BO#) rels? sumti LUhU#?) rels? description <- LE# (rels / bare-sumti)? quantifier? (selbri / bare-sumti) KU#? quantifier <- !bare-sumti !selbri mex rels? mex <- mex-1 (joik mex-1)* mex-1 <- PA#+ BOI#? / lerfu+ BOI#? / NIhE# selbri TEhU#? / VEI# mex VEhO#? / (LAhE# / NAhE# BO#) mex LUhU#? lerfu <- BY# / word-BU# rels <- rel (ZIhE# rel)* rel <- GOI# term GEhU#? / NOI# sentence KUhO#? selbri <- selbri-1+ (CO# selbri-1)* rels? (CEI# selbri)? / tag selbri / NA# selbri selbri-1 <- selbri-2 (joik selbri-2)* selbri-2 <- selbri-3 (joik tag? BO# selbri-3)* selbri-3 <- tanru-unit (BO# tanru-unit)* tanru-unit <- tanru-unit-1 linkargs? tanru-unit-1 <- BRIVLA# / word-ZEI-word# / CMEVLA# / GOhA# / mex MOI# / ME# (sumti / mex / joik) MEhU#? MOI#? / NU# sentence KEI#? / KE# selbri KEhE#? / (SE# / JAI# tag? / NAhE#) tanru-unit-1 linkargs <- BE# term (BEI# term)* BEhO#? joik <- NA#? SE#? JOI# gihek <- NA#? SE#? GIhA# gek <- SE#? GA# / SE#? JOI# GI# / tag-unit+ (joik tag-unit+)* GI# tag <- tag-unit+ (joik tag-unit+)* !GI# tag-unit <- BAI# / mex ROI# / FIhO# selbri FEhU# / (NAhE# / SE#) tag-unit free <- UI# / XI# mex-1 / mex-1 MAI# / SEI# (term+ CU#?)? selbri SEhU#? / TO# paragraphs TOI#? / vocative vocative <- (COI#+ DOI#? / DOI#) (rels? selbri / sumti?) DOhU#? ; --- SELMAhO --- COI# <- pre COI vocative-post PA# <- pre PA number-post BY# <- pre BY lerfu-post BRIVLA# <- pre BRIVLA post CMEVLA# <- pre CMEVLA post CMAVO# <- pre CMAVO post BAI# <- pre BAI post BE# <- pre BE post BEI# <- pre BEI post BEhO# <- pre BEhO post BO# <- pre BO post BOI# <- pre BOI post CEI# <- pre CEI post CO# <- pre CO post CU# <- pre CU post DOhU# <- pre DOhU post DOI# <- pre DOI post FA# <- pre FA post FAhO# <- pre FAhO post FEhU# <- pre FEhU post FIhO# <- pre FIhO post GA# <- pre GA post GEhU# <- pre GEhU post GI# <- pre GI post GIhA# <- pre GIhA post GOI# <- pre GOI post GOhA# <- pre GOhA post I# <- pre I post JAI# <- pre JAI post JOI# <- pre JOI post KE# <- pre KE post KEhE# <- pre KEhE post KEI# <- pre KEI post KOhA# <- pre KOhA post KU# <- pre KU post KUhO# <- pre KUhO post LAhE# <- pre LAhE post LE# <- pre LE post LEhU# <- pre LEhU post LI# <- pre LI post LIhU# <- pre LIhU post LOhO# <- pre LOhO post LU# <- pre LU post LUhU# <- pre LUhU post MAI# <- pre MAI post ME# <- pre ME post MEhU# <- pre MEhU post MOI# <- pre MOI post NA# <- pre NA post NAhE# <- pre NAhE post NIhE# <- pre NIhE post NIhO# <- pre NIhO post NOI# <- pre NOI post NU# <- pre NU post ROI# <- pre ROI post SE# <- pre SE post SEI# <- pre SEI post SEhU# <- pre SEhU post TEhU# <- pre TEhU post TO# <- pre TO post TOI# <- pre TOI post TUhE# <- pre TUhE post TUhU# <- pre TUhU post UI# <- pre UI post VAU# <- pre VAU post VEI# <- pre VEI post VEhO# <- pre VEhO post VUhO# <- pre VUhO post XI# <- pre XI post ZIhE# <- pre ZIhE post ZOhU# <- pre ZOhU post ; --- Pseudo SELMAHO --- word-ZEI-word# <- pre word-ZEI-word post word-BU# <- pre word-BU lerfu-post ZO-word# <- pre ZO-word post LOhU-words-LEhU# <- pre LOhU-words-LEhU post ZOI-anything# <- pre ZOI-anything post ; --- Word Modifiers --- pre <- (word-SI* BAhE)* word-SI* post <- !BU-tail !ZEI-tail free? number-post <- !BU-tail !ZEI-tail (!PA# free)? lerfu-post <- !BU-tail !ZEI-tail (!lerfu free)? vocative-post <- !BU-tail !ZEI-tail (!vocative free)? ; ****** MAGIC WORD CONSTRUCTS ****** ; (ZOI-delimiters not fully implemented here.) words-SU <- (word-ZEI-word / word-BU / ZO-word / LOhU-words-LEhU / ZOI-anything / !SU any-word)* SU-tail word-SI <- (word-ZEI-word / word-BU / ZO-word / LOhU-words-LEhU / ZOI-anything / any-word) SI-tail word-BU <- (ZO-word / LOhU-words-LEhU / ZOI-anything / any-word) (BU-tail* ZEI-tail+)* BU-tail+ word-ZEI-word <- (ZO-word / LOhU-words-LEhU / ZOI-anything / any-word) (ZEI-tail* BU-tail+)* ZEI-tail+ SU-tail <- word-SI* SU SI-tail <- word-SI* SI BU-tail <- word-SI* BU ZEI-tail <- word-SI* ZEI any-word ZO-word <- ZO any-word LOhU-words-LEhU <- LOhU (!LEhU any-word)* LEhU? ZOI-anything <- ZOI FAhO (!FAhO anything)* FAhO? ; ****** WORDS ****** anything <- Y* non-space+ any-word <- CMEVLA / BRIVLA / CMAVO CMEVLA <- Y* cmevla BRIVLA <- Y* brivla CMAVO <- Y* cmavo BAI <- Y* &cmavo ( c a h a / p u h i / n u h o / k a h e / c u h e / n a u / r u h i / t a h e / d i h i / n a h o / v e h u / v e h a / v e h i / v e h e / v i h i / v i h a / v i h u / v i h e / v i / v a / v u / d u h a / b e h a / n e h u / v u h a / g a h u / t i h a / n i h a / c a h u / z u h a / r i h u / r u h u / r e h o / t e h e / b u h u / n e h a / p a h o / n e h i / t o h o / z o h i / z e h o / z o h a / f a h a / z e h u / z e h a / z e h i / z e h e / c o h i / p u h o / c o h u / m o h u / c a h o / c o h a / d e h a / b a h o / d i h a / z a h o / z u / z a / z i / b a / p u / c a / k i / d u h o / s i h u / z a u / k i h i / d u h i / c u h u / t u h i / t i h u / d i h o / j i h u / r i h a / n i h i / m u h i / k i h u / v a h u / k o i / c a h i / t a h i / p u h e / j a h i / k a i / b a i / f i h e / d e h i / c i h o / m a u / m u h u / r i h i / r a h i / k a h a / p a h u / p a h a / l e h a / k u h u / t a i / b a u / m a h i / c i h e / f a u / p o h i / c a u / m a h e / c i h u / r a h a / p u h a / l i h e / l a h u / b a h i / k a h i / s a u / f a h e / b e h i / t i h i / j a h e / g a h a / v a h o / j i h o / m e h a / d o h e / j i h e / p i h o / g a u / z u h e / m e h e / r a i ) &&post-cmavo BAhE <- Y* &cmavo ( b a h e / z a h e ) &post-cmavo BE <- Y* &cmavo ( b e ) &post-cmavo BEI <- Y* &cmavo ( b e i ) &post-cmavo BEhO <- Y* &cmavo ( b e h o ) &post-cmavo BO <- Y* &cmavo ( b o ) &post-cmavo BOI <- Y* &cmavo ( b o i ) &post-cmavo BU <- Y* &cmavo ( b u ) &post-cmavo BY <- Y* &cmavo ( t e i / f o i / c e h a / l a u / z a i / t a u / j o h o / r u h o / g e h o / j e h o / l o h a / n a h a / s e h e / t o h a / g a h e / y h y / b y / c y / d y / f y / g y / j y / k y / l y / m y / n y / p y / r y / s y / t y / v y / x y / z y ) &post-cmavo CEI <- Y* &cmavo ( c e i ) &post-cmavo CO <- Y* &cmavo ( c o ) &post-cmavo COI <- Y* &cmavo ( j u h i / c o i / f i h i / t a h a / m u h o / f e h o / c o h o / p e h u / k e h o / n u h e / r e h i / b e h e / j e h e / m i h e / k i h e / v i h o ) &post-cmavo CU <- Y* &cmavo ( c u ) &post-cmavo DOI <- Y* &cmavo ( d o i ) &post-cmavo DOhU <- Y* &cmavo ( d o h u ) &post-cmavo FA <- Y* &cmavo ( f a i / f a / f e / f o / f u / f i h a / f i ) &post-cmavo FAhO <- Y* &cmavo ( f a h o ) &post-cmavo FEhU <- Y* &cmavo ( f e h u ) &post-cmavo FIhO <- Y* &cmavo ( f i h o ) &post-cmavo GA <- Y* &cmavo ( g e h i / g e / g o / g a / g u ) &post-cmavo GEhU <- Y* &cmavo ( g e h u ) &post-cmavo GI <- Y* &cmavo ( g i ) &post-cmavo GIhA <- Y* &cmavo ( g i h e / g i h i / g i h o / g i h a / g i h u ) &post-cmavo GOI <- Y* &cmavo ( n o h u / n e / g o i / p o h u / p e / p o h e / p o ) &post-cmavo GOhA <- Y* &cmavo ( m o / n e i / g o h u / g o h o / g o h i / n o h a / g o h e / g o h a / d u / b u h a / b u h e / b u h i / c o h e ) &post-cmavo I <- Y* &cmavo ( i ) &post-cmavo JAI <- Y* &cmavo ( j a i ) &post-cmavo JOI <- Y* &cmavo ( f a h u / p i h u / j o i / c e h o / c e / j o h u / k u h a / j o h e / j u h e / j o h i / j e h i / j e / j o / j a / j u / a / e / j i / o / u / m i h i / b i h o / b i h i / g e h a / f u h u / p i h i / f e h i / v u h u / s u h i / j u h u / g e i / p a h i / f a h i / t e h a / c u h a / v a h a / n e h o / d e h o / f e h a / s a h o / r e h a / r i h o / s a h i / p i h a / s i h i ) &post-cmavo KE <- Y* &cmavo ( k e ) &post-cmavo KEhE <- Y* &cmavo ( k e h e ) &post-cmavo KEI <- Y* &cmavo ( k e i ) &post-cmavo KOhA <- Y* &cmavo ( d a h u / d a h e / d i h u / d i h e / d e h u / d e h e / d e i / d o h i / m i h o / m a h a / m i h a / d o h o / k o h a / f o h u / k o h e / k o h i / k o h o / k o h u / f o h a / f o h e / f o h i / f o h o / v o h a / v o h e / v o h i / v o h o / v o h u / r u / r i / r a / t a / t u / t i / z i h o / k e h a / m a / z u h i / z o h e / c e h u / d a / d e / d i / k o / m i / d o ) &post-cmavo KU <- Y* &cmavo ( k u ) &post-cmavo KUhO <- Y* &cmavo ( k u h o ) &post-cmavo LAhE <- Y* &cmavo ( t u h a / l u h a / l u h o / l a h e / v u h i / l u h i / l u h e ) &post-cmavo LE <- Y* &cmavo ( l a i / l a h i / l a / l e i / l o i / l e h i / l o h i / l e h e / l o h e / l o / l e ) &post-cmavo LEhU <- Y* &cmavo ( l e h u ) &post-cmavo LI <- Y* &cmavo ( m e h o / l i ) &post-cmavo LIhU <- Y* &cmavo ( l i h u ) &post-cmavo LOhO <- Y* &cmavo ( l o h o ) &post-cmavo LOhU <- Y* &cmavo ( l o h u ) &post-cmavo LU <- Y* &cmavo ( l u ) &post-cmavo LUhU <- Y* &cmavo ( l u h u ) &post-cmavo MAI <- Y* &cmavo ( m o h o / m a i ) &post-cmavo ME <- Y* &cmavo ( m e / n u h a ) &post-cmavo MEhU <- Y* &cmavo ( m e h u ) &post-cmavo MOI <- Y* &cmavo ( m e h u / m e i / m o i / s i h e / c u h o / v a h e ) &post-cmavo NA <- Y* &cmavo ( j a h a / n a ) &post-cmavo NAhE <- Y* &cmavo ( f e h e / m o h i / t o h e / j e h a / n a h e / n o h e ) &post-cmavo NIhE <- Y* &cmavo ( n i h e ) &post-cmavo NIhO <- Y* &cmavo ( n i h o / n o h i ) &post-cmavo NOI <- Y* &cmavo ( v o i / n o i / p o i ) &post-cmavo NU <- Y* &cmavo ( n i / d u h u / s i h o / n u / l i h i / k a / j e i / s u h u / z u h o / m u h e / p u h u / z a h i ) &post-cmavo PA <- Y* &cmavo ( d a u / f e i / g a i / j a u / r e i / v a i / p i h e / p i / f i h u / z a h u / m e h i / n i h u / k i h o / c e h i / m a h u / r a h e / d a h a / s o h a / j i h i / s u h o / s u h e / r o / r a u / s o h u / s o h i / s o h e / s o h o / m o h a / d u h e / t e h o / k a h o / c i h i / t u h o / x o / p a i / n o h o / n o / p a / r e / c i / v o / m u / x a / z e / b i / s o ) &post-cmavo ROI <- Y* &cmavo ( r e h u / r o i ) &post-cmavo SE <- Y* &cmavo ( s e / t e / v e / x e ) &post-cmavo SEI <- Y* &cmavo ( s e i / t i h o ) &post-cmavo SEhU <- Y* &cmavo ( s e h u ) &post-cmavo SI <- Y* &cmavo ( s i ) &post-cmavo SU <- Y* &cmavo ( s u ) &post-cmavo TEhU <- Y* &cmavo ( t e h u ) &post-cmavo TO <- Y* &cmavo ( t o h i / t o ) &post-cmavo TOI <- Y* &cmavo ( t o i ) &post-cmavo TUhE <- Y* &cmavo ( t u h e ) &post-cmavo TUhU <- Y* &cmavo ( t u h u ) &post-cmavo UI <- Y* &cmavo ( r a h o / k e h i / g a h o / n a i / p e i / c a i / c u h i / s a i / r u h e / d a h o / f u h e / f u h o / i h a / i e / a h e / u h i / i h o / i h e / a h a / i a / o h i / o h e / e h e / o i / u o / e h i / u h o / a u / u a / a h i / i h u / i i / u h a / u i / a h o / a i / a h u / i u / e i / o h o / e h a / u u / o h a / o h u / u h u / e h o / i o / e h u / u e / i h i / u h e / b a h a / j a h o / c a h e / s u h a / t i h e / k a h u / s e h o / z a h a / p e h i / r u h a / j u h a / t a h o / r a h u / l i h a / b a h u / m u h a / d o h a / t o h u / v a h i / p a h e / z u h u / s a h e / l a h a / k e h u / s a h u / d a h i / j e h u / s a h a / k a u / t a h u / n a h i / j o h a / b i h u / l i h o / p a u / m i h u / k u h i / j i h a / s i h a / p o h o / p e h a / r o h i / r o h e / r o h o / r o h u / r o h a / r e h e / l e h o / j u h o / f u h i / d a i / g a h i / z o h o / b e h u / r i h e / s e h i / s e h a / v u h e / k i h a / x u / g e h e / b u h o ) &post-cmavo VAU <- Y* &cmavo ( v a u ) &post-cmavo VEI <- Y* &cmavo ( v e i ) &post-cmavo VEhO <- Y* &cmavo ( v e h o ) &post-cmavo VUhO <- Y* &cmavo ( v u h o ) &post-cmavo XI <- Y* &cmavo ( x i ) &post-cmavo ZEI <- Y* &cmavo ( z e i ) &post-cmavo ZIhE <- Y* &cmavo ( z i h e ) &post-cmavo ZO <- Y* &cmavo ( z o ) &post-cmavo ZOI <- Y* &cmavo ( z o i / l a h o ) &post-cmavo ZOhU <- Y* &cmavo ( z o h u ) &post-cmavo ; ****** MORPHOLOGY ****** cmevla <- jbocme / zifcme jbocme <- &zifcme (onset nucleus coda?)+ &space zifcme <- !h (V / VV / y / I / h / C !space)* C &space cmavo <- !cmevla !CVCy-lujvo C? I? nucleus (h nucleus)* &post-cmavo CVCy-lujvo <- C V C y initial-rafsi* (final-rafsi / gismu / fuhivla / type-3-fuhivla) post-cmavo <- space / cmavo / brivla brivla <- gismu / !h fuhivla / type-3-fuhivla / lujvo lujvo <- !cmavo !h initial-rafsi+ (final-rafsi / gismu / fuhivla / type-3-fuhivla) type-3-fuhivla <- !cmevla classifier syllable+ &space fuhivla <- !cmevla !cmavo !rafsi-string !slinkuhi syllable syllable+ &space gismu <- full-rafsi &space final-rafsi <- !cmevla short-rafsi &space initial-rafsi <- y-less-rafsi / y-rafsi / fuhivla-rafsi / type-3-rafsi / brivla-rafsi brivla-rafsi <- !cmavo !slinkuhi syllable syllable+ h y type-3-rafsi <- classifier syllable* onset y fuhivla-rafsi <- !cmavo !rafsi-string !slinkuhi syllable+ onset y slinkuhi <- C rafsi-string rafsi-string <- y-less-rafsi* (gismu / final-rafsi / y-rafsi / CC y / h y / full-rafsi h y) y-less-rafsi <- short-rafsi &rafsi-string classifier <- C V C CR / CC V CR / C V CR / y-rafsi R full-rafsi <- C V C C V / CC V C V y-rafsi <- C V C C y / CC V C y / C V C y short-rafsi <- C V C / CC V / C VV R? / C V h V R? ; ****** PHONOTACTICS ****** syllable <- onset !y nucleus coda? coda <- !onset C onset <- (h / C? I / affricate / sibilant? middle? liquid?) &nucleus sibilant <- c / s !x / j !n !l !r / z !n !l !r middle <- p / b / f / v / m / t !l / d !l / n !l !r / k / g / x liquid <- l / r CC <- &onset C C CR <- C R / r n &C / r l &n / r l &affricate / n l &r R <- r &C / n &r C <- voiced / unvoiced / l / m / n / r affricate <- t c / t s / d j / d z voiced <- b / d / g / j / v / z unvoiced <- c / f / k / p / s / t / x l <- "l" !h !l m <- "m" !h !m !z n <- "n" !h !n !affricate r <- "r" !h !r b <- "b" !h !b !unvoiced d <- "d" !h !d !unvoiced g <- "g" !h !g !unvoiced v <- "v" !h !v !unvoiced j <- "j" !h !j !z !unvoiced z <- "z" !h !z !j !unvoiced s <- "s" !h !s !c !voiced c <- "c" !h !c !s !x !voiced x <- "x" !h !x !c !k !voiced k <- "k" !h !k !x !voiced f <- "f" !h !f !voiced p <- "p" !h !p !voiced t <- "t" !h !t !voiced h <- "'" &nucleus I <- (i / u) &nucleus nucleus <- V / VV / y VV <- (a i / a u / e i / o i) !nucleus !I V <- (a / e / i / o / u) !nucleus a <- "a" e <- "e" i <- "i" o <- "o" u <- "u" y <- "y" !nucleus Y <- "y"+ !nucleus / space non-space <- !space . space <- [[.\t\n\r?!\u0020]