History: BPFK Section: Evidentials

Source of version: 18 (current)

! Proposed Definitions And Examples {BOX()} !!cmavo: ba'a (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express anticipation as the source of information or idea. This word comprises a scale, along with "ba'a cu'i" and "ba'a nai". !!!See Also * {ba'acu'i} * {ba'anai} * {bavykri} * {lifri} * {morji} !!!Proposed Keywords * I anticipate !!!Usage Examples ''ba'a'' seems to be used in a mostly ''non-temporal'' sense. That is, it is rarely used to express "I expect that X will happen", but rather something like "I presume that X would be the case". A borderline-temporal case is to interpret it as "I presume that X will be the answer to my question". ''ba'anai'' does seem to be unambiguously used to refer to things in the past. !!!!Temporal usages ;''ba'a do bazu djuno fi ro djedi'' : I expect that in the far future, you will know about every day. ;''.ua .i ba'anai'' : Oh yeah, I remember now. !!!!Non-temporal usages ; ''.i y xu ro pipybanfi cu respa'' - ''ba'a na mabru''a: Are frogs reptiles? I don't expect them to be mammals. ;''.i lenu mi joi la tal. puzi casnu ti cu mukti lenu mi te preti fo do .i ba'a loi mlatu loi gerku cu zmadu leka kukte .i xu tugni'' : Me and Tal's recent discussion prompted me to ask you. I expect cats to taste better than dogs. Agree? ;''ma se xabju do vi la astn'' - ''ba'a vi la ubuty. xabju'' : Where near Austin do you live? Probably near UT. ;''ba'a do xabju le jecrsautkarolaina'' : You probably live in South Carolina. I rule that usage to be in error, and that the temporal interpretation should remain/become the official interpretation. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ba'a cu'i (UI*2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express experience as the source of information or idea. This word comprises a scale, along with "ba'a" and "ba'a nai". !!!See Also * {ba'a} * {ba'anai} !!!Proposed Keywords * I experience !!!Usage Examples ;''ba'acu'i cumki fa le nu mi sutra bacru ta'i tu'a lo nu lo denpa cu jbini ro valsi'' : In my experience, it is possible for me to speak quickly with pauses between every word. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ba'a nai (UI*2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express memory/recollection as the source of information or idea. This word comprises a scale, along with "ba'a" and "ba'a cu'i". !!!See Also * {ba'a} * {ba'acu'i} !!!Proposed Keywords * recall * remember !!!Usage Examples ;''ko tcidu .i ba'anai do pante vu'e le za'i le banrglico cu bangu le jboskepre'' : Read it. I recall that you objected to the fact that the lojbanologists discussed in English. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ca'e (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to mark a performative/speech act, that is, an utterance that is true because the speaker says so. !!!See Also !!!Proposed Keywords * I define !!!Usage Examples ;''ca'e le mi tubnu cu na'ebo marna tubnu'' : I say my pipe is a non-pot pipe. ;''ca'e la bais cu mulno'' : BAI is hereby done. ;''ca'e le re do cu simxu speni'' : I hereby pronounce that the two of you are mutual spouses. I pronounce you husband and wife. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ja'o (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express other (stated or unstated) information or ideas as the source of information or idea. (cf. selni'i, ni'ikri) !!!See Also !!!Proposed Keywords * I conclude !!!Usage Examples ;''ja'o mi tolnelci le gejbirje'' : So, I dislike root beer. ;''ja'o do na prenu citka prenu'' : Then you cannot be a cannibal. ;''ja'o do gento'' : Then you must be Argentinian. ;''ja'o do se bangu le glico .e la lojban .enai lo drata'' : So you know only English and Lojban. ;''za'a cladu carvi .i ja'o carmi carvi'' : I can hear the loud sound of rain. So it must be raining heavily. ;''ro bu'a zo'u le ka bu'a cu xamgu .inaja la cev traji le ka bu'a .i le ka zasti cu xamgu .i ja'o la cev traji le ka zasti'' : Of all good properties, God is the entity that has the most of it. Existence is a good property. Hence, God is the entity that is the most existent of all. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ju'a (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express a non-specific/elliptical source of information or idea. !!!See Also * {xusra} !!!Proposed Keywords * I state !!!Usage Examples ;''ju'a loi xalka cu danfu .i mi na morji le preti'' : Alcohol is the answer. I can't remember the question. ;''ju'a ba'e ro da cu se senpi .ei'' : __Everything__ should be doubted, I say. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ka'u (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express cultural context/myth/custom as the source of information or idea. !!!See Also * {kluju'o} !!!Proposed Keywords * I know culturally * I culturally know !!!Usage Examples ;''.i tatpi joi xagji .i ka'u ca le cabdei mi na .ei citka je pinxe mu'i tu'a le lijda'' : I'm tired and hungry. Tomorrow I mustn't eat or drink for religious reasons. ;''.i ka'u so'a nanmu cu xebni .iku'i mi certu le ka .o'o zei cinmo'' : Almost all men hate something, but I am very good at being patient. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: pe'i (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express opinion as the source of information or idea. !!!See Also * {jinvi} !!!Proposed Keywords * I opine !!!Usage Examples ;''pe'i le nu ma'a na frili kakne le nu benji la nomoi cu mukti .ei le nu ma'a na troci le nu benji ja vecnu le remoi'' : In my opinion, the fact that we can't easily send the zeroth one should be a reason for us not to try to send and sell the second one. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ru'a (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express postulate/assumption/presumption as the source of information or idea. !!!See Also * {sruma} !!!Proposed Keywords * I postulate * I presume * I assume * I take it that * presumably !!! Usage Examples ;''ru'a no le prenu cu nanca lo zmadu be li 25'' : Presumably, none of the people are more than 25 years old. ;''.i ru'a mi milxe leka bilma'' : I am slightly ill, I assume. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: se'o (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express internal experience, such as a dream, vision, or personal revelation, as the source of information or idea. !!!See Also * {senva} !!!Proposed Keywords * I know internally !!!Usage Examples ;''se'o tunta le mi tamji .i da poi palci cu klama jibni'' : I know internally that it stabbed my thumb. Something evil was coming close. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: su'a (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express other (stated or unstated) information as the source of the information or idea that is a generalization of the former. This word comprises a scale, along with "su'a nai". !!!See Also * {su'anai} * {sucta} * {sucni'i} !!!Proposed Keywords * I generalize !!!Usage Examples ;''.i le mi skami se tcana prenu cu krici le se go'i'' : My server people believe that. ;''su'a le skami se tcana prenu cu so'eroi bebna'' : Which goes to show that server people are stupid most of the time. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: su'a nai (UI*2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express other (stated or unstated) information as the source of the information or idea that is a particularization of the former. This word comprises a scale, along with "su'a". !!!See Also * {su'a} !!!Proposed Keywords * I particularize !!!Usage Examples ;''mi pu te cusku lo nu go'i .i su'anai samselmri'' : I was told that. E-mail, in particular. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: ti'e (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express hearsay/relayed information as the source of information or idea. !!!See Also * {tirna} * {sitna} * {tcidu} !!!Proposed Keywords * I hear !!!Usage Examples ; ''ti'e lo bangu cu kensa vidru'' : They say that language is a virus from outer space. ;''ti'e le rokci pe la titan cu bisli jenai rokci'' : I hear that the "rocks" on Titan are actually made of ice, not rock. {BOX} {BOX()} !!cmavo: za'a (UI2) !!!Proposed Definition Evidential. Used to express direct observation or perception as the source of information or idea. Said perception may be visual, but need not be. !!!See Also * {zgana} * {lanli} !!!Proposed Keywords * I observe * apparently !!!Usage Examples ;''.i le do cmene cu za'a xelso'' : I see that you have a Greek name. ;''.i za'a le ca me la taral. cu cnino'' : Apparently the present Taral is new. {BOX} ! Notes The template for "ju'a" seems to have got slots for scalars by mistake. These have been removed. ! Impact "ba'a" is now explicitly temporal, which is in accordance with the CLL, but invalidates much usage. Added clarificationary note that "za'a" is not restricted to visual observation. {POLL(pollId=>25)}BPFK Poll: Evidentials{POLL}